{"title":"Vegan","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"product_7ed893e6-351f-46ed-a825-ef7948ab00e5","title":"Dirty Squads - Multi-V","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDirty Squads' Multi-V is a full-spectrum multivitamin and multimineral in capsule form, formulated to meet the daily needs of essential micronutrients practically and effectively. The formula sets itself apart from conventional multivitamins by including a complex of digestive enzymes—Bromelain, Papain, and Lactase—specifically added to improve the digestion and absorption of the nutrients in the capsule, ensuring that the body effectively uses what it ingests and does not merely excrete it. With doses equal to or greater than 100% of the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) for most essential vitamins and minerals, including a particularly high dose of Vitamin C (\u003e1390 mg per serving), Multi-V comprehensively covers the micronutrient needs of athletes, active individuals, and anyone looking to fill nutritional gaps in their diet. Vegan, gluten-free, soy-free, and no added sugars. Dose: 1 capsule per day with breakfast.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplete vitamin and mineral formula with ≥100% NRV:\u003c\/strong\u003e Multi-V provides comprehensive coverage of essential vitamins and minerals in doses equal to or greater than 100% of the European Nutrient Reference Values. For athletes and individuals with high training volumes, micronutrient needs are often higher than those of the general population due to increased energy metabolism, higher free radical production, sweat losses, and increased cell turnover. A full-spectrum multivitamin provides a nutritional safety net that ensures the normal functioning of all physiological processes dependent on micronutrients, from energy metabolism to immune function, protein synthesis, and bone health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh-dose Vitamin C (\u003e1390 mg) for immunity and antioxidation:\u003c\/strong\u003e The dose of Vitamin C in Multi-V is significantly higher than the standard dose in conventional multivitamins (typically 80 mg), approaching the high-dose supplementation protocols used in contexts of intensive immune support and antioxidant protection during periods of high-intensity training. Vitamin C is proven to contribute to the normal functioning of the immune system, the protection of cells from oxidative stress, normal collagen formation, and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, being especially relevant for athletes with high training volumes or during periods of increased exposure to pathogens.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigestive enzyme complex (Bromelain, Papain, and Lactase) for optimized absorption:\u003c\/strong\u003e The most significant differentiator of Multi-V compared to standard multivitamins is the inclusion of a complex of three digestive enzymes. Bromelain (extracted from pineapple) and Papain (extracted from papaya) are proteases that facilitate protein digestion and contribute to the integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Lactase is the enzyme responsible for digesting lactose, making the product suitable for people with lactose intolerance. The inclusion of these enzymes in the same capsule as the micronutrients increases the bioavailability of the vitamins and minerals present, which depend on adequate digestive function to be effectively absorbed, especially in contexts of compromised digestion due to diet, stress, or frequent use of anti-inflammatories.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConvenient and practical: 1 capsule per day:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unlike many multivitamins that require 2 to 4 capsules daily, Multi-V concentrates the entire formula into a single daily capsule taken with breakfast, eliminating the need for multiple doses throughout the day and facilitating long-term adherence. Taking it with the morning meal is the ideal approach for most fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble B-complex vitamins, which are better absorbed in the presence of food.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegan, gluten-free, soy-free, no added sugars:\u003c\/strong\u003e The formula is 100% compatible with vegan diets and gluten and soy elimination regimes, making it suitable for the vast majority of dietary profiles. The absence of added sugars and unnecessary additives maintains consistency with Dirty Squads' clean label philosophy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule daily with breakfast. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Dirty Squads","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705350451547,"sku":null,"price":18.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/DirtySquads-DirtySquadsMulti-V.webp?v=1775670551"},{"product_id":"product_25aa84a5-770e-436b-8bac-fd1e2fd5113d","title":"Dirty Squads - Too Much","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDirty Squads' Testo Excess is a natural testosterone amplifier in capsules, formulated with a combination of herbal ingredients and amino acids scientifically selected to support male hormonal health. The formula combines D-Aspartic Acid — the main amino acid regulating endogenous testosterone synthesis — with a set of herbal extracts that are benchmarks in the natural testosterone booster category: Tribulus Terrestris, Fenugreek, Maca, Ashwagandha, and Saw Palmetto. Free from gluten, soy, and added sugars, and suitable for vegan diets, Testo Excess is designed for healthy adult men seeking a natural approach to supporting testosterone levels, vitality, energy, and physical performance. Dose: 3 capsules per day, preferably before training.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD-Aspartic Acid for stimulating endogenous testosterone production:\u003c\/strong\u003e D-Aspartic Acid (DAA) is a non-essential amino acid with a central role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. At the pituitary level, DAA stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn signal Leydig cells in the testicles to increase testosterone synthesis. Clinical studies document significant increases in total testosterone levels after D-Aspartic Acid supplementation in men with normal to low testosterone levels, making it the most specific and mechanistically grounded anchor ingredient in natural hormone support formulas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAshwagandha for cortisol reduction and hormonal environment optimization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an adaptogen with a strong evidence base for reducing cortisol levels, the chronic stress hormone. Chronically elevated cortisol directly suppresses testosterone production by inhibiting the HPG axis and reducing the sensitivity of Leydig cells to LH. By modulating the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, Ashwagandha reduces cortisol levels, creating a more favorable hormonal environment for testosterone production and maintenance. Clinical studies document increases in total testosterone levels, improved body composition, and reduced perceived stress with regular supplementation of standardized Ashwagandha extract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribulus Terrestris for libido and reproductive health support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Tribulus Terrestris is a plant with a long tradition of use in Ayurvedic medicine and traditional Chinese medicine for male vitality and reproductive health support. Its active compounds — mainly steroidal saponins such as protodioscin — have been investigated for their ability to stimulate LH production and positively modulate male reproductive function. Tribulus supplementation is associated with supporting libido, sexual function, and overall well-being in adult men.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFenugreek for free testosterone maintenance and muscle support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) contains furostanolic compounds, namely protodioscin and fenustein, which partially inhibit the aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase enzymes, responsible for converting testosterone into estrogen and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), respectively. This inhibition contributes to maintaining higher levels of free and total testosterone. Clinical studies document improvements in muscle strength, body composition, libido, and general well-being with supplementation of standardized Fenugreek extract in adult men.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaca for energy, endurance, and vitality:\u003c\/strong\u003e Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a root native to the Peruvian Andes, used for centuries as food and a tonic for male vitality. Rich in macamides and macaenes — bioactive compounds exclusive to maca — it has been investigated for its ability to improve energy, endurance, libido, and sexual function, regardless of testosterone levels, which suggests complementary mechanisms of action to the other ingredients in the formula. It is particularly valued in contexts of intense physical stress and high-intensity training.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaw Palmetto for prostate health and hormonal balance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) is the benchmark ingredient for supporting prostate health in adult men. It acts as a weak inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase, reducing the conversion of testosterone to DHT, a potent androgen associated with prostate growth and androgenic hair loss. Its inclusion in a male hormone support formula complements the effects of the other ingredients with a specific focus on long-term male reproductive system health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 serving (3 capsules) before training. For best results, use continuously for at least 8 to 12 weeks, maintaining an appropriate training and diet plan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight and humidity. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Dirty Squads","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705350680923,"sku":null,"price":42.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/DirtySquads-TESTOEXCESS.webp?v=1775670421"},{"product_id":"product_3455f99e-1eff-4951-8ea8-fd6e4bbfe42f","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - SUPER DIGESTIVE","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Super Digestive is a \u003cstrong\u003edigestive enzyme\u003c\/strong\u003e supplement in HPMC vegetable capsules, formulated with the \u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme® Enzyme Complex\u003c\/strong\u003e — Sabinsa Corporation's patented digestive enzyme complex with 5 enzymes covering the digestion of all macronutrients — complemented with \u003cstrong\u003eChromium Picolinate\u003c\/strong\u003e for insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism support. Minimalist and fully transparent composition: waxy corn starch as an excipient + DigeZyme® + HPMC capsule + chromium picolinate. \u003cstrong\u003e1 capsule with breakfast.\u003c\/strong\u003e Vegan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Waxy corn starch + DigeZyme® Enzyme Complex (amylase, lactase, cellulase, protease, lipase) + Vegetable capsule (HPMC) + Chromium picolinate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role of digestive enzymes in sports nutrition: why athletes with high protein and calorie intake benefit from enzyme support:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe human digestive system endogenously produces a set of digestive enzymes — pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases), salivary and pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and lingual lipases — for macronutrient digestion. Under normal conditions and with moderate food intake, these endogenous enzymes are sufficient for complete digestion. However, athletes with high protein intake (1.6 to 2.2g\/kg\/day of protein, often achieved with multiple protein shakes per day), or with very high caloric intake during a bulking phase, can overload endogenous enzymatic capacity, resulting in incomplete digestion of proteins and carbohydrates — which manifests as abdominal distension, flatulence, post-meal gastrointestinal discomfort, and reduced effective nutrient absorption. Super Digestive provides additional exogenous enzymes that complement endogenous ones and ensure more complete digestion and absorption even with high food intake.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme® Enzyme Complex: the patented enzyme complex that covers all macronutrients:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme®\u003c\/strong\u003e (registered trademark of Sabinsa Corporation, India) is the same enzyme complex included in Marvelous Nutrition's \u003cstrong\u003eMUSCLES\u003c\/strong\u003e (WPC80 protein with DigeZyme®), here in a standalone capsule for use with any meal. DigeZyme® contains 5 digestive enzymes with distinct and complementary substrates and mechanisms:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmylase (alpha-amylase):\u003c\/strong\u003e hydrolyzes the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch (amylose and amylopectin) and complex carbohydrates into short-chain dextrins and maltose. It complements salivary amylase (which acts in the mouth and is inactivated by acidic gastric pH) and pancreatic amylase (which acts in the small intestine). Relevant for athletes with high intake of complex carbohydrates (rice, oats, sweet potato, pasta).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLactase (β-galactosidase):\u003c\/strong\u003e hydrolyzes lactose (milk disaccharide) into glucose + galactose. It is the enzyme missing in people with lactose intolerance. For athletes who consume high amounts of whey protein (whey concentrate with lactose), exogenous lactase from DigeZyme® prevents gastrointestinal discomfort (cramps, diarrhea, flatulence) associated with undigested lactose fermenting in the colon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellulase:\u003c\/strong\u003e hydrolyzes the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of cellulose (the indigestible fiber of plant cell walls). Humans do not produce cellulase endogenously — conventional cellulose passes intact through the small intestine and is only partially fermented by colon bacteria. Exogenous cellulase improves the digestibility of soluble fibers and the release of nutrients encapsulated in plant cell walls (such as vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that are \"trapped\" inside undigested plant cells).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeutral Protease:\u003c\/strong\u003e hydrolyzes the peptide bonds of dietary proteins into peptides and amino acids. It complements endogenous pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin) to ensure complete hydrolysis of proteins into absorbable amino acids — especially relevant for athletes who consume large amounts of protein per meal (\u003e40g of protein in a single meal can overload endogenous proteolytic capacity).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLipase:\u003c\/strong\u003e hydrolyzes triglycerides (fats) into free fatty acids + glycerol for intestinal absorption. It complements pancreatic lipase and gastric lipases to ensure complete digestion of dietary fats, including fats from protein sources (meat, egg, fish) and supplements (omega-3, CLA, fat-soluble vitamins in oil capsules).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromium Picolinate: the mineral cofactor of insulin sensitivity integrated into the digestive formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAs already described in detail in the \u003cstrong\u003eRecharge\u003c\/strong\u003e section, \u003cstrong\u003echromium picolinate\u003c\/strong\u003e improves the sensitivity of insulin receptors via chromodulin (LMWCr), supporting glucose uptake by muscle cells and the management of post-prandial insulin spikes. Its inclusion in Super Digestive is an intelligent synergistic addition: Super Digestive is taken with breakfast (typically the most carbohydrate-rich meal), where the insulin spike is most relevant. Improved digestion (DigeZyme®) and improved insulin sensitivity (chromium) work together to maximize nutrient absorption and utilization from the meal — more glucose taken up by muscle, less deposited as fat.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWaxy corn starch as an excipient: the choice of a low GI carbohydrate as a vehicle:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWaxy corn starch\u003c\/strong\u003e is used as an excipient (bulking agent) for the capsule. Unlike conventional corn starch (with amylose and amylopectin), waxy corn starch is composed almost exclusively of highly branched amylopectin, which makes it faster to digest but with a lower glycemic impact than linear starches. As an excipient, its presence in minimal quantities per capsule has negligible nutritional impact.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule with breakfast. For athletes with particularly compromised digestion or very high protein and calorie intake, 1 capsule can be taken with each main meal (up to 3 capsules\/day). Take with food — digestive enzymes act on the food bolus in the stomach and small intestine and have no effect when taken on an empty stomach. \u003cstrong\u003e60 capsules = 60 days of use at 1 capsule\/day.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705350811995,"sku":null,"price":15.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-SUPERDIGESTIVE.webp?v=1777584974"},{"product_id":"product_5017ff76-177b-43ba-a2ab-484a62260935","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - Citrulline Malate","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Citrulline Malate is a \u003cstrong\u003epure 2:1 Citrulline Malate\u003c\/strong\u003e powder supplement from the Old School line, with \u003cstrong\u003e3000mg of 2:1 Citrulline Malate per serving\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e100 servings per package\u003c\/strong\u003e, produced by vegan fermentation (non-animal origin). 100% pure with no additives. 2:1 Citrulline Malate is the arginine precursor with the greatest clinical efficacy for increasing nitric oxide (NO) production, muscle pump, fatigue reduction, and improved post-workout recovery — and the amino acid with the highest number of high-quality clinical trials supporting its use in sports contexts. 3g\/serving, 30 minutes before training. Vegan. Unflavoured.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2:1 Citrulline Malate: the NO precursor with greater clinical efficacy and superior bioavailability to arginine:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2:1 Citrulline Malate\u003c\/strong\u003e is the form of citrulline with the most clinical evidence in sports nutrition. The 2:1 ratio denotes two moles of L-Citrulline for every mole of malic acid (malate), the combination with the highest documented bioavailability and efficacy compared to free L-Citrulline or 1:1 citrulline malate. As described in multiple products in this session (\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eINFECTED\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eMaze\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ePower M.F\u003c\/strong\u003e), L-Citrulline has a fundamental pharmacokinetic advantage over oral L-Arginine: while arginine undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic and intestinal metabolism by arginase (which converts it to ornithine + urea before reaching systemic circulation), citrulline is metabolically inert in the intestine and liver, being absorbed intact and transported to the kidneys where it is converted to arginine by arginino-succinate synthetase + arginino-succinate lyase of the renal urea cycle. The arginine thus produced in the kidneys enters directly into systemic circulation without passing through the liver, resulting in a sustained increase in plasma arginine levels for 4 to 6 hours — much longer than oral arginine (whose plasma peak is rapid but short-lived). The meta-analysis by Pérez-Guisado \u0026amp; Jakeman (2010) documented that 8g of Citrulline Malate improved the number of repetitions in the bench press by 52.9% vs. placebo and reduced post-workout muscle soreness by 40%.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role of malate (malic acid) in the 2:1 formula: Krebs cycle and mitochondrial energy:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalic acid\u003c\/strong\u003e (malate) in the 2:1 Citrulline Malate formula is not just an excipient or inert carrier — it is an active intermediate of the \u003cstrong\u003eKrebs cycle\u003c\/strong\u003e (citric acid cycle) with documented effects on mitochondrial energy production. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate by mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (NAD⁺-dependent), producing NADH (for the respiratory chain) and oxaloacetate (which condenses with acetyl-CoA to restart the Krebs cycle). Under conditions of high-intensity exercise where the Krebs cycle can be transiently limited by the availability of intermediates (especially oxaloacetate and fumarate), supplementation with exogenous malate can \"recharge\" the cycle and increase mitochondrial ATP production, reducing fatigue and prolonging the ability to maintain high intensity. This mechanism complements the vasodilatory effect of citrulline (via NO), creating a formula with dual action: more NO for O₂ and nutrient delivery (via vasodilation) and more Krebs cycle substrate for ATP production in muscle mitochondria.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduction of muscle fatigue: the role of citrulline in ammonia buffering:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eIn addition to NO, citrulline contributes to the \u003cstrong\u003ereduction of muscle fatigue\u003c\/strong\u003e via a second mechanism linked to the urea cycle: citrulline increases the urea cycle's ability to eliminate ammonia (NH₃) produced by amino acid catabolism during exercise. The accumulation of ammonia in muscles and blood during high-intensity exercise contributes to central fatigue (ammonia crosses the blood-brain barrier and interferes with GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission) and muscle discomfort. Citrulline is an intermediate of the urea cycle — its conversion to arginine in the kidneys allows for the regeneration of arginine that arginase uses to produce urea (eliminating ammonia), thus increasing the body's total capacity for ammonia elimination. This effect partially explains the reduction in post-workout muscle soreness and improved recovery documented in clinical trials with citrulline malate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegan fermentation: food-grade L-Citrulline of 100% plant origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe specification \u003cstrong\u003e\"vegan fermented L-Citrulline\"\u003c\/strong\u003e confirms that the citrulline used in the product is produced by \u003cstrong\u003ebacterial or fungal fermentation\u003c\/strong\u003e of plant substrates, without any animal origin. Natural citrulline is found mainly in the rind and pulp of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus — the name \"citrulline\" derives from the Latin word for watermelon), but direct extraction from watermelon is not economically viable on an industrial scale. Production by fermentation of pharmaceutical-grade L-Citrulline from plant substrates (using bacterial strains such as Corynebacterium glutamicum) guarantees a high-purity product (\u003e99%), free of animal contaminants and suitable for vegan, vegetarian, and halal diets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3g per serving: the clinically studied dose for pump and performance:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe dose of \u003cstrong\u003e3000mg (3g) of 2:1 Citrulline Malate per serving\u003c\/strong\u003e is within the dosage window documented in studies. Most positive clinical trials with citrulline malate used doses between 6 and 8g of 2:1 citrulline malate (equivalent to ~4 to 5.3g of free L-Citrulline), while doses of 3g of 2:1 citrulline malate (as in this product) are equivalent to ~2g of free L-Citrulline — a suitable dose for standalone use but which can be doubled (two 3g doses) to reach the maximum efficacy dose documented in the most robust studies, or supplemented with standalone \u003cstrong\u003eArginine\u003c\/strong\u003e for a combined effect of rapid onset (arginine) + prolonged sustenance (citrulline).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dissolve 3g in 250 to 400 ml of cold water, 30 minutes before training. For maximum pump effect in high-intensity workouts, you can use 6g (two servings) before training — a dose that replicates the doses of the most robust clinical studies. It can be mixed directly into your pre-workout shaker (\u003cstrong\u003eINFECTED\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ePower M.F\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eExperiment\u003c\/strong\u003e) or added to standalone \u003cstrong\u003eArginine\u003c\/strong\u003e for the complete NO stack. For intra-workout use during long sessions, dissolve 3g in a second shaker for consumption mid-session, maintaining high plasma arginine levels throughout the entire workout.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705350943067,"sku":null,"price":19.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-CitrullineMalate.webp?v=1776896958"},{"product_id":"product_37f2fabd-4736-4c07-8024-528c9a820de3","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - Glycerol","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Glycerol is a powdered supplement of pure \u003cstrong\u003eglycerol monostearate\u003c\/strong\u003e, from the Old School line, specifically designed for \u003cstrong\u003ecellular hyperhydration, prolonged muscle pump, and maintaining hydration and endurance during training\u003c\/strong\u003e. Glycerol (glycerine, propane-1,2,3-triol) is a three-carbon sugar alcohol with unique osmotic properties that create a state of hyperhydration in tissues — its intracellular and interstitial accumulation increases water retention by muscle tissues, resulting in a denser pump, greater apparent muscle volume, and a lower rate of dehydration during exercise. 5g\/dose, 30 minutes before training. Vegan. Unflavored (neutral). Old School line.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe osmotic mechanism of glycerol: cellular hyperhydration and prolonged pump:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGlycerol is a highly effective \u003cstrong\u003eosmotic agent\u003c\/strong\u003e that, when absorbed and distributed in the intra- and extracellular compartments, increases the osmolality of body fluids proportionally to the ingested dose. When ingested with water (typically 400 to 600 ml of water per 5g dose of glycerol), glycerol increases plasma and intracellular osmolality, creating an osmotic gradient that \"retains\" water in tissues and reduces its renal excretion (glycerol partially suppresses ADH\/vasopressin secretion by normalizing osmolality, but the increase in osmolality also stimulates cellular aquaporins to retain more water intracellularly). The practical result is a state of \u003cstrong\u003ehyperhydration\u003c\/strong\u003e with a greater total water volume in the muscular and vascular compartments, which translates into: a more intense and denser muscle pump (greater cellular turgor pressure that presses the membranes against the fascia), greater apparent muscle volume (especially visible in athletes with low subcutaneous fat), and greater resistance to dehydration during exercise (the hyperhydrated water reservoir acts as a \"buffer\" against fluid loss through sweat).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlycerol monostearate: the most stable and effective form for powdered supplementation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlycerol monostearate (GMS)\u003c\/strong\u003e is the ester of glycerol with stearic acid, the most suitable form of glycerol for the production of powdered supplements. Pure glycerol (liquid glycerine, 99% glycerol) is a viscous and very hygroscopic liquid (absorbs moisture from the air) that would be difficult to formulate as a powder without extensive additives. GMS is a solid at room temperature with lower hygroscopicity, allowing the production of a stable and easy-to-mix powder. After ingestion, GMS is hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases into free glycerol + stearic acid, with free glycerol being absorbed and distributed systemically. Silicon dioxide (E-551) as an anti-caking agent prevents clumping in the hygroscopic powder during storage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-workout pump: why glycerol prolongs the pump beyond the workout:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOne of the most valued properties by bodybuilders is glycerol's ability to \u003cstrong\u003eprolong the muscle pump beyond the workout\u003c\/strong\u003e. Muscle pump during exercise results from the accumulation of blood, lactate, H⁺, and other osmolytes in working muscle cells, which increase intramuscular osmotic pressure and draw water into the intracellular space. After training, this osmotic pressure dissipates rapidly with lactate elimination and vascular redistribution, and the pump disappears within 20 to 30 minutes. Pre-loaded glycerol maintains a higher intracellular osmolality than normal, prolonging the state of hyperhydration and the vascular pump even after the end of exercise — which is especially relevant for bodybuilders in competition preparation phases where post-workout muscle appearance is important.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHydration and endurance: the ergogenic effect in endurance sports:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eIn addition to the pump, glycerol has a documented ergogenic application in endurance sports in hot conditions: glycerol-induced hyperhydration before prolonged exercise increases the total fluid volume available for thermoregulation (sweat), delays the onset of critical dehydration (\u003e2% body mass loss), and reduces the elevation of core temperature during exercise in the heat. The meta-analysis by Hitchins et al. (1999) documented that hyperhydration with glycerol improved endurance cycling performance in the heat compared to hyperhydration with water alone. WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) removed glycerol from the list of prohibited substances in 2018, making it legal in competitive sports.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dissolve 5g in 400 to 600 ml of cold water, 30 minutes before training. Drink the entire solution to ensure adequate hyperhydration (glycerol only produces the desired osmotic effect if ingested with sufficient water volume). It can be added directly to your pre-workout shaker (\u003cstrong\u003eINFECTED\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003ePower M.F\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eExperiment\u003c\/strong\u003e) to simplify preparation. For a greater hyperhydration effect in long sessions or in the heat, the dose can be increased to 10g with 800 ml of water, but always start with 5g to assess gastrointestinal tolerance (glycerol in high doses can cause nausea in some people).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705351106907,"sku":null,"price":25.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-GLYCEROL.webp?v=1776896473"},{"product_id":"product_3eeebc65-11b0-4e74-8443-52dd69625547","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - TESTO","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Testo is a \u003cstrong\u003eplant-extract based testosterone booster\u003c\/strong\u003e in HPMC capsules, formulated with \u003cstrong\u003e6 exclusively plant-derived active ingredients\u003c\/strong\u003e in clinical doses per serving (3 capsules): \u003cstrong\u003eTribulus terrestris 600mg\u003c\/strong\u003e (the classic natural testosterone booster), \u003cstrong\u003eFenugreek 375mg\u003c\/strong\u003e (supports free testosterone by inhibiting SHBG), \u003cstrong\u003eMaca 375mg\u003c\/strong\u003e (Andean adaptogen for vitality and libido), \u003cstrong\u003eAshwagandha 375mg\u003c\/strong\u003e (cortisol reducer and HPA-gonadal axis support), \u003cstrong\u003eOat Extract 225mg\u003c\/strong\u003e (avenacoside, releases SHBG-bound testosterone) and \u003cstrong\u003eSaw Palmetto 150mg\u003c\/strong\u003e (supports prostate health and inhibits 5-alpha-reductase). A food supplement with \u003cstrong\u003e100% plant-based capsules (HPMC)\u003c\/strong\u003e, vegan — distinguishing itself from Testoman (which uses bovine gelatin capsules). 90 capsules, 30 servings. Take 3 capsules before training. Vegan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTESTO vs. TESTOMAN: two testosterone boosters with distinct philosophies:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe Marvelous portfolio features two testosterone boosters with complementary approaches. \u003cstrong\u003eTestoman\u003c\/strong\u003e (Marvelous Line, bovine gelatin capsules) combines plant ingredients with minerals (zinc, magnesium), L-Carnitine L-Tartrate, and vitamins (B6, D3) in a more comprehensive formula. \u003cstrong\u003eTesto\u003c\/strong\u003e (Loaded Ingredients, vegan HPMC capsules) is a formula exclusively based on botanical extracts in higher doses per ingredient — 600mg of Tribulus vs. a smaller dose in Testoman, 375mg of Ashwagandha vs. Testoman's 5:1 version. Testo is the choice for vegan athletes or for those who prefer a 100% botanical formula without added minerals or animal-derived ingredients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribulus terrestris 600mg (whole plant): the most documented LH stimulator and testosterone support:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTribulus terrestris\u003c\/strong\u003e is the plant with the longest history of use as a natural testosterone booster and one of the most widely studied in this context. It contains \u003cstrong\u003esteroidal saponins\u003c\/strong\u003e (protodioscin, dioscin, tigogenin) which, according to the most established hypothesis, stimulate the release of \u003cstrong\u003eLH (Luteinizing Hormone)\u003c\/strong\u003e by the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to produce testosterone. The \u003cstrong\u003ewhole plant\u003c\/strong\u003e extract used in Testo includes both aerial parts and roots, covering the full spectrum of the plant's saponins. The dose of \u003cstrong\u003e600mg\u003c\/strong\u003e per serving is one of the highest available in natural testosterone boosters, superior to most products on the market (which typically use 300 to 500mg). In addition to supporting LH, Tribulus has adaptogenic, aphrodisiac (improving libido and sexual function), and natural anabolic properties documented in multiple clinical trials in men with partial androgen deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) 375mg: SHBG inhibition and increased free testosterone:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFenugreek\u003c\/strong\u003e is a Mediterranean plant whose seeds contain \u003cstrong\u003efurostanolic saponins\u003c\/strong\u003e (fenuside, trigonelline, diosgenin) with a specific mechanism of action on \u003cstrong\u003eSHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin)\u003c\/strong\u003e — the plasma transport protein that binds to circulating testosterone, making it biologically inactive (SHBG-bound testosterone cannot activate androgen receptors in target tissues). Fenugreek compounds inhibit SHBG, increasing the proportion of \u003cstrong\u003efree testosterone\u003c\/strong\u003e (biologically active) without necessarily increasing total testosterone. The clinical trial by Wilborn et al. (2010), published in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism with 49 men in resistance training for 8 weeks, documented that 500mg\/day of fenugreek extract maintained testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels while the placebo group had a reduction — suggesting an anti-catabolic effect on androgens during intense training.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaca (Lepidium meyenii) 375mg: the Andean adaptogen for vitality, libido, and performance:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaca\u003c\/strong\u003e (Lepidium meyenii) is a cruciferous plant from the high altitudes of the Peruvian Andes (3000 to 4500m altitude), with millennial ethnobotanical use among Andean populations as food and a tonic for fertility, energy, and resistance to altitude sickness. Its active components are \u003cstrong\u003emacamides\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003emacaridine\u003c\/strong\u003e (alkaloids exclusive to maca), \u003cstrong\u003eglucosinolates\u003c\/strong\u003e (benzyl glucosinolate, p-methoxybenzyl glucosinolate), and \u003cstrong\u003eplant sterols\u003c\/strong\u003e (β-sitosterol, campesterol). Maca does not directly affect testosterone levels — its mechanism of action is different: it modulates the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis adaptogenically, reducing cortisol and improving resilience to stress, which indirectly favors testosterone production (cortisol competes with testosterone for the common precursor pregnenolone). Clinical trials with maca consistently document improved libido, sexual function, and well-being in men and women, with less evidence of a direct effect on serum testosterone. The 10:1 extract indicates a high concentration (10kg of fresh root per kg of extract).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAshwagandha (Withania somnifera) 375mg: the anti-cortisol adaptogen and direct support for the HPA-gonadal axis:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAs already described in detail in the \u003cstrong\u003eEscape\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eAlive\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eAmputation\u003c\/strong\u003e sections, \u003cstrong\u003eAshwagandha\u003c\/strong\u003e has the most robust evidence base of all adaptogens for cortisol reduction and testosterone support. The cortisol-testosterone link mechanism is direct: cortisol and testosterone are both produced from \u003cstrong\u003echolesterol\u003c\/strong\u003e via pregnenolone (the common precursor of all sex steroids and cortisol). When the HPA axis is chronically activated (by physical stress from intensive training or psychological stress), pregnenolone is preferentially channeled into cortisol production (by 21-hydroxylase in the adrenal gland) at the expense of testosterone (by 17-hydroxylase\/17,20-lyase in the testes) — a phenomenon known as \"cortisol steal\" or \"pregnenolone steal\". Ashwagandha's reduction of cortisol frees up pregnenolone for testosterone synthesis, increasing testosterone levels. The clinical trial by Wankhede et al. (2015), published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition with 57 men in resistance training, documented that 300mg\/day of KSM-66 Ashwagandha for 8 weeks increased serum testosterone by 15.0% and serum cortisol decreased by 11.0% vs. placebo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOat Extract (Avena sativa) 225mg: avenacoside as a releaser of SHBG-bound testosterone:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOat seed extract\u003c\/strong\u003e is standardized in \u003cstrong\u003eavenacoside\u003c\/strong\u003e (steroidal saponins from oats), which inhibit SHBG similarly to fenugreek but with a slightly different mechanism — avenacosides directly compete with androgens for SHBG binding sites, \"freeing up\" testosterone that was bound and making it biologically active. Oats are also rich in \u003cstrong\u003ebeta-glucan\u003c\/strong\u003e (soluble fiber with effects on cholesterol — the precursor to testosterone) and \u003cstrong\u003emagnesium\u003c\/strong\u003e (which, as described, is essential for Leydig cell function). The combination of Oat Extract + Fenugreek in Testo covers two distinct pathways for releasing biologically active testosterone: competition with SHBG (avenacoside) and inhibition of SHBG (fenugreek saponins).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) 150mg: prostate health and 5-alpha-reductase inhibition:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaw Palmetto\u003c\/strong\u003e (Serenoa repens) is the most studied plant extract for prostate health and the most prescribed in Europe for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Its relevant mechanism of action in a testosterone booster is the \u003cstrong\u003einhibition of 5-alpha-reductase\u003c\/strong\u003e — the enzyme that converts testosterone into \u003cstrong\u003eDHT (dihydrotestosterone)\u003c\/strong\u003e, the androgen 5 to 10 times more potent than testosterone but also primarily responsible for benign prostate hypertrophy and androgenic alopecia. By inhibiting 5-alpha-reductase, Saw Palmetto: reduces DHT levels in the prostate (protecting it from hypertrophy), preserves testosterone levels (which would otherwise be converted to DHT), and can reduce androgenic hair loss. The inclusion of Saw Palmetto in Testo is a preventative health addition that distinguishes this booster from products that simply maximize testosterone\/DHT without considering the potential negative effects of excess DHT on the prostate and scalp.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 3 capsules before training. For daily hormonal support (independent of training), take 3 capsules in the morning with breakfast. Use in cycles: 8 weeks on + 4 weeks off to maintain receptor sensitivity and prevent desensitization of the HPA-gonadal axis. 90 capsules = 30 servings.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705351434587,"sku":null,"price":30.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-TESTO.webp?v=1777585108"},{"product_id":"product_eefc23f2-722c-422c-b8f4-cc12eec42797","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - VITAMIN","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Vitamin is a \u003cstrong\u003ecomplete single-dose daily multivitamin\u003c\/strong\u003e in an HPMC capsule, formulated with a comprehensive blend of \u003cstrong\u003e11 vitamins + 7 minerals + choline + inositol\u003c\/strong\u003e, complemented with \u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme® Enzyme Complex\u003c\/strong\u003e (5 digestive enzymes) for maximum absorption of all micronutrients. A single capsule per day covers the essential vitamin and mineral needs of an athlete with a high bioavailability and optimized digestibility formula — the most convenient multivitamin in the Marvelous portfolio. Vegan (HPMC capsule). 1 capsule\/day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamins and Minerals Blend (Vitamin C, Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Oxide, B3\/Nicotinamide, B5\/Calcium D-Pantothenate, Iron\/Ferrous Sulfate, Vitamin E\/DL-α-Tocopheryl Acetate, Choline Bitartrate, Zinc\/Zinc Oxide, Inositol, Beta-Carotene, B6\/Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, B1\/Thiamine Mononitrate, B2\/Riboflavin, Manganese\/Manganese Sulfate, Copper\/Cupric Sulfate, B9\/Folic Acid, Iodine\/Potassium Iodide, B7\/D-Biotin, B12\/Cyanocobalamin, Maltodextrin) + Bulking agent: Microcrystalline cellulose + Capsule: HPMC + DigeZyme® Enzyme Complex (Alpha-Amylase, Neutral Protease, Cellulase, Lactase, Lipase).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin vs. Alive: two multivitamins from the Marvelous portfolio with distinct philosophies:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe Marvelous portfolio has two multivitamins with complementary approaches. \u003cstrong\u003eAlive\u003c\/strong\u003e (Marvelous Line, 4 capsules\/day) is an \"ultra-premium\" multivitamin with Megaflora 9 EVO probiotics, adaptogens (Ashwagandha KSM-66®, Tribulus), premium antioxidants (NAC, ALA, proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, Cursol® curcumin), cardiovascular botanical extracts (Hawthorn, Ginkgo biloba) and zinc\/magnesium in highly bioavailable bisglycinate forms. \u003cstrong\u003eVitamin\u003c\/strong\u003e is the \"single-dose\" alternative (1 capsule\/day) — simpler, more accessible, more convenient, but with a complete vitamin-mineral profile and the unique differentiator of integrated \u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme®\u003c\/strong\u003e for optimized absorption. Vitamin is the choice for athletes who want a complete and easy-to-adhere-to multivitamin (1 capsule per day), without the complexity of Alive's 4-capsule protocol.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11 vitamins: complete coverage of the essential vitamin spectrum:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin covers the 11 vitamins most relevant to athlete health and performance. \u003cstrong\u003eVitamin C\u003c\/strong\u003e (L-ascorbic acid) is the most abundant extracellular antioxidant and a cofactor in collagen synthesis (essential for tendons, ligaments, and cartilage) and non-heme iron absorption. The \u003cstrong\u003eB complex vitamins\u003c\/strong\u003e (B1 thiamine, B2 riboflavin, B3 nicotinamide, B5 pantothenate, B6 pyridoxine, B7 biotin, B9 folic acid, B12 cyanocobalamin) are indispensable cofactors for dozens of enzymes involved in energy metabolism (Krebs cycle, respiratory chain, fatty acid β-oxidation), amino acid metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. \u003cstrong\u003eVitamin E\u003c\/strong\u003e (alpha-tocopheryl acetate) is the main lipid-soluble antioxidant in cell membranes. \u003cstrong\u003eBeta-Carotene\u003c\/strong\u003e (pro-vitamin A) is the precursor to vitamin A (retinol) with its own antioxidant activity (singlet oxygen quencher).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7 minerals: the most critical micronutrients for athletes:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin covers the 7 minerals most relevant to health and athletic performance. \u003cstrong\u003eCalcium\u003c\/strong\u003e (as carbonate) is the most abundant mineral in the body, essential for bone and tooth mineralization, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission. \u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium\u003c\/strong\u003e (as oxide — less bioavailable than Alive's bisglycinate, but effective in sufficient doses) is a cofactor for \u003e300 enzymes and essential for muscle relaxation, ATP synthesis, and neuromuscular function. \u003cstrong\u003eIron\u003c\/strong\u003e (as ferrous sulfate) is the central component of hemoglobin and myoglobin — essential for oxygen transport and aerobic capacity. \u003cstrong\u003eZinc\u003c\/strong\u003e (as oxide) is a cofactor for \u003e200 enzymes, essential for testosterone synthesis, immune function, and wound healing. \u003cstrong\u003eManganese\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eCopper\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eIodine\u003c\/strong\u003e complete the mineral profile with functions in oxidative metabolism, collagen synthesis, and thyroid function, respectively.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCholine + Inositol: the pair for hepatic fat metabolism and neuroprotection:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAs already described in multiple previous products (Power M.F, Amputation, Alive), \u003cstrong\u003eCholine Bitartrate\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eInositol\u003c\/strong\u003e are two vitamin-like compounds (not strictly vitamins but classified as essential micronutrients) with complementary functions in hepatic fat metabolism (both are structural components of hepatocyte membrane phospholipids and are essential for triglyceride export by the liver via VLDL), intracellular signaling (inositol is a precursor to IP3, a second messenger in multiple signaling systems) and neuroprotection (choline is a precursor to acetylcholine). Their inclusion in Vitamin, in addition to conventional vitamins and minerals, is a differentiator that distinguishes it from more basic multivitamins on the market.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated DigeZyme®: optimized micronutrient absorption through enzymatic digestion:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe most unique differentiator of Vitamin compared to most multivitamins on the market is the inclusion of the \u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme® Enzyme Complex\u003c\/strong\u003e (the same enzyme complex as Marvelous' \u003cstrong\u003eMUSCLES\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eSuper Digestive\u003c\/strong\u003e) directly in the multivitamin capsule. The 5 enzymes in DigeZyme® (alpha-amylase, neutral protease, cellulase, lactase, lipase) improve the digestion of macronutrients from the meal with which Vitamin is taken, which has a direct effect on micronutrient absorption: the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) depends on the presence of fat in the meal and lipase for its hydrolysis; the absorption of minerals depends on the presence of amino acids and organic acids from protein digestion as chelators; and the complete digestion of carbohydrates by amylase releases the food matrix that can encapsulate and block micronutrient absorption. By including DigeZyme® in the multivitamin, Vitamin maximizes its own absorption by improving the digestion of the food context in which it is taken.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day, preferably with breakfast or a main meal containing fat (to maximize the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins). The single daily dose offers maximum adherence convenience — no need to manage multiple doses throughout the day.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705351532891,"sku":null,"price":23.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-VITAMIN.webp?v=1777585315"},{"product_id":"product_3ff2da93-d4d8-474e-8ddc-3f8fc25faa1d","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - MAGNESIUM BISGLYCINATE","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Magnesium Bisglycinate is a \u003cstrong\u003emagnesium bisglycinate\u003c\/strong\u003e supplement in HPMC vegetable capsules, with a minimalist composition of only three ingredients: magnesium bisglycinate as the sole active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose as an anti-caking agent, and an HPMC capsule. Magnesium bisglycinate is the form of magnesium with the \u003cstrong\u003ehighest oral bioavailability\u003c\/strong\u003e available on the market — a chelate of the Mg²⁺ ion with two glycine amino acids that protects magnesium from the formation of insoluble salts in the intestine and facilitates its absorption via peptide transporters (PEPT1). No added flavour, no sweeteners, no colourings. \u003cstrong\u003e3 capsules\/day with breakfast.\u003c\/strong\u003e Vegan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium: the most deficient mineral in athletes and a cofactor for over 300 enzymes in the human body:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium (Mg²⁺)\u003c\/strong\u003e is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body and the second most abundant intracellular cation (after potassium), with documented cofactor functions in over \u003cstrong\u003e300 enzymatic reactions\u003c\/strong\u003e — including mitochondrial ATP synthase (ATP synthesis), protein phosphorylation kinases, RNA polymerase (RNA synthesis), DNA polymerase (DNA synthesis), and virtually all enzymes of energy metabolism. The prevalence of magnesium deficiency is high in the general European population (it is estimated that 10 to 30% of the population has an intake below the reference dose) and even higher in athletes — intense exercise significantly increases magnesium losses through urine and sweat, and magnesium is used in greater quantities during ATP synthesis and muscle contraction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium bisglycinate: the form with the highest bioavailability and least gastrointestinal irritation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOf the multiple forms of magnesium available on the supplement market, \u003cstrong\u003emagnesium bisglycinate\u003c\/strong\u003e (magnesium chelate with two glycine amino acids, also called magnesium glycinate or diglycinate) is consistently the form with the highest documented oral bioavailability and the lowest risk of laxative effects. The mechanism is as follows: free ionic magnesium (Mg²⁺) in the intestine competes with other minerals (calcium, zinc, iron) for intestinal divalent metal transporters (DMT1), and in excess causes osmotic irritation of the intestinal mucosa (a laxative effect characteristic of magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate). In bisglycinate, Mg²⁺ is chelated (covalently bound) to two glycine amino acids, forming a neutral and small complex that is preferentially absorbed by the PEPT1 and PEPT2 peptide transporters of the intestinal epithelium — the same transporters used to absorb di- and tripeptides from protein digestion — efficiently and without competition from other minerals. The study by Schuette et al. documented that magnesium bisglycinate has superior intestinal absorption to magnesium oxide (the cheapest and most common form in magnesium supplements on the market, but also the one with the lowest bioavailability, with only 4% absorption). For athletes with documented magnesium deficiency, choosing bisglycinate ensures that the ingested magnesium dose is effectively absorbed and utilized by the tissues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuscle function and cramp reduction:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMagnesium plays a central role in neuromuscular function: it is the natural antagonist of calcium in voltage-gated calcium channels of myocyte membranes and in Ca²⁺ pumps of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. During muscle contraction, Ca²⁺ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myocyte cytoplasm, binding to troponin C and activating the actin-myosin complex. Muscle relaxation requires the reuptake of Ca²⁺ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum via SERCA (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase), a process dependent on ATP and magnesium as an ATPase cofactor. In situations of magnesium deficiency, muscle relaxation is compromised, resulting in sustained involuntary muscle contraction — the characteristic \u003cstrong\u003emuscle cramps\u003c\/strong\u003e of hypomagnesemia. Supplementation with magnesium bisglycinate in athletes with frequent cramps is one of the most effective and fastest-acting interventions for alleviating this symptom.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSleep and relaxation: magnesium as a GABAergic and NMDA modulator:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMagnesium has documented effects on sleep quality via two distinct neurological mechanisms. It is a \u003cstrong\u003eco-agonist of GABA-A receptors\u003c\/strong\u003e — it potentiates the inhibitory action of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, facilitating relaxation and the transition to sleep. It is also an \u003cstrong\u003eendogenous antagonist of NMDA receptors\u003c\/strong\u003e (excitatory glutamate receptors) — magnesium blocks the ion channel of NMDA receptors at rest, reducing excessive neuronal excitability associated with stress and anxiety. The clinical trial by Abbasi et al. (2012), published in the Journal of Research in Medical Sciences with 46 elderly insomniacs, documented that 500mg\/day of magnesium for 8 weeks significantly improved multiple sleep parameters (sleep onset latency, total duration, sleep efficiency) and reduced morning cortisol levels. For athletes using \u003cstrong\u003eEscape\u003c\/strong\u003e (Marvelous Nutrition's sleep supplement), Magnesium Bisglycinate can be taken together at night to reinforce the magnesium component of the sleep protocol.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnergy metabolism: magnesium as a cofactor for ATP synthase and kinases:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMagnesium is essential for ATP synthesis — literally, biologically active ATP is the Mg-ATP complex (the Mg²⁺ ion is always chelated to ATP for its use by ATPases). Magnesium deficiency directly compromises mitochondrial ATP synthesis and cellular energy efficiency, resulting in early fatigue during exercise. \u003cstrong\u003eKinases\u003c\/strong\u003e (protein kinase A, creatine kinase, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase) are all Mg²⁺-dependent — magnesium stabilizes the phosphorylated substrate and ATP during phosphate group transfer. Magnesium replenishment in deficient athletes improves energy efficiency and reduces muscle fatigue independently of its effects on muscle contraction\/relaxation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCardiovascular health and blood pressure regulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMagnesium has documented effects on blood pressure regulation via multiple mechanisms: it is a direct vasodilator (Ca²⁺ antagonism in vascular smooth muscle), stimulates prostacyclin and nitric oxide production (endothelial vasodilators), and reduces vascular peripheral resistance. The meta-analysis by Zhang et al. (2016), published in Hypertension with data from 34 clinical trials and over 2000 participants, documented that magnesium supplementation (median 368mg\/day) reduced systolic blood pressure by 2mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.78mmHg vs. placebo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 3 capsules with breakfast. For sleep support, you can take 2 of the 3 capsules at night (1 with breakfast + 2 with dinner or before bed). Magnesium is best absorbed with food (the presence of proteins and carbohydrates stimulates insulin secretion which improves cellular uptake of magnesium) and should be taken separately from iron and zinc supplements (competition for intestinal transporters).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705351860571,"sku":null,"price":15.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-MAGNESIUMBISGLYCINATE.webp?v=1777505175"},{"product_id":"product_ab95913f-de5e-4254-ba0b-91a3e7000677","title":"Marvelous Nutrition - VITAMIN C","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eMarvelous Nutrition's Vitamin C is a supplement of \u003cstrong\u003epure L-ascorbic acid\u003c\/strong\u003e in HPMC vegetable capsules, with an absolutely minimalist composition: L-ascorbic acid as the only active ingredient, magnesium salts of fatty acids as an anti-caking agent, and an HPMC capsule. Zero unnecessary additives, zero colourings, zero sweeteners — just pure Vitamin C in its biologically active form (L-ascorbic acid) at the maximum concentration per capsule. \u003cstrong\u003e1 capsule with breakfast. 60 servings.\u003c\/strong\u003e Vegan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIngredients:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-ascorbic acid + Anti-caking agent: Magnesium salts of fatty acids + Capsule: HPMC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin C (L-ascorbic acid): the micronutrient with the highest number of documented physiological functions:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin C\u003c\/strong\u003e (L-ascorbic acid, 2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone-2,3-enediol acid) is an essential water-soluble vitamin — the human body does not synthesise vitamin C endogenously (due to evolutionary loss of the L-gulonolactone oxidase gene, the final enzyme in the ascorbate synthesis pathway) and is entirely dependent on dietary or supplementary intake. Vitamin C has the highest number of documented physiological functions of any micronutrient, covering everything from collagen synthesis and immune function to neurotransmitter metabolism and iron absorption. EFSA has approved multiple health claims for vitamin C, including support for normal immune function, contribution to the protection of cells from oxidative stress, contribution to normal collagen formation, reduction of tiredness and fatigue, and improvement of non-heme iron absorption.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollagen synthesis: the irreplaceable role of Vitamin C as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe most critical biochemical function of vitamin C for athletes is its role as an \u003cstrong\u003eobligatory cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase\u003c\/strong\u003e — the enzymes that hydrolyse proline and lysine residues in pro-collagen chains to form hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are essential for the stability of the collagen triple helix (via hydrogen bonds and pyridinoline cross-links) and for the anchoring of collagen to extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Without sufficient vitamin C, collagen synthesis stops — prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases become inactive because vitamin C is needed to re-reduce the catalytic Fe²⁺ ion of these enzymes (oxidised to Fe³⁺ during the reaction) back to the active state. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body (~30% of total protein) and the structural component of tendons, ligaments, cartilage, skin, bone, vascular wall, and cornea — the entire structural integrity of connective tissue depends on continuous collagen synthesis. For athletes subjected to repeated mechanical stress on tendons and ligaments, and especially for those recovering from injury, adequate vitamin C dosage is critical for the rate of collagen synthesis and the speed of tissue recovery.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtracellular antioxidant: vitamin C as the main aqueous antioxidant in plasma and interstitial fluids:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin C is the main water-soluble antioxidant in blood plasma and extracellular fluids — the \"first line of defense\" extracellular antioxidant before intracellular antioxidant systems (glutathione, thioredoxin, superoxide dismutase). It donates electrons to free radicals (especially superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite) converting into ascorbyl radical (relatively stable and not very reactive) and then into dehydroascorbic acid (DHA, oxidised). DHA is reduced back to ascorbic acid by reduced glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin, regenerating vitamin C and recycling antioxidant systems in an integrated manner. This ability to be regenerated by glutathione makes vitamin C part of an integrated antioxidant network with glutathione, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 — each regenerating the previous one in the antioxidant chain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmunity: vitamin C as an immunomodulator and support for leukocyte function:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin C has extensively documented effects on immune function at multiple levels. It accumulates in concentrations 10 to 100 times higher than in plasma in leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) — which suggests specific functions in these cells that go beyond simple antioxidant protection. In neutrophils, vitamin C supports chemotactic migration to infection sites, phagocytosis, the production of reactive oxygen species for bacterial destruction (oxidative burst), and apoptosis after the immune response. In T lymphocytes, vitamin C supports proliferation and antibody production. The meta-analysis by Hemilä \u0026amp; Chalker (2013), published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews with data from over 11000 participants, documented that regular vitamin C supplementation (≥200mg\/day) reduced the duration of the common cold by 8% in adults and 14% in children, and reduced its severity — with a more marked protective effect in athletes and populations subjected to intense physical stress (50% reduction in cold incidence in marathon runners, soldiers, and skiers).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-heme iron absorption: the enhancer of plant iron:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin C is the most effective enhancer of intestinal absorption of \u003cstrong\u003enon-heme iron\u003c\/strong\u003e (iron from plant sources — legumes, cereals, green leafy vegetables — in contrast to heme iron from animal sources, which is absorbed independently of vitamin C). The mechanism is the reduction of non-heme iron from Fe³⁺ (insoluble and poorly absorbed) to Fe²⁺ (soluble and absorbed by the DMT1 transporter of the intestinal epithelium) by ascorbic acid in the acidic environment of the stomach. Co-ingestion of 200mg of vitamin C with a meal rich in non-heme iron increases iron absorption by 3 to 4 times — of particular relevance for vegetarian\/vegan athletes who rely exclusively on non-heme iron, or for any athlete in a caloric deficit phase with reduced meat intake.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeurotransmitter synthesis and cognitive support:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin C is a cofactor of \u003cstrong\u003edopamine β-hydroxylase\u003c\/strong\u003e (DBH), the enzyme that converts dopamine to noradrenaline. Without sufficient vitamin C, noradrenaline synthesis is compromised, which can affect focus, motivation, and stress response (noradrenaline is the central neurotransmitter of the sympathetic system and attention). Vitamin C is also a cofactor of \u003cstrong\u003epeptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM)\u003c\/strong\u003e, the enzyme that activates multiple neuropeptides (corticotropin-releasing hormone, gastrin, vasopressin) by C-terminal amidation. For athletes undergoing intensive training with high metabolic expenditure of catecholamines, maintaining adequate vitamin C levels indirectly supports the function of the sympathetic-adrenal axis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule with breakfast. Vitamin C is absorbed more efficiently in divided doses throughout the day (intestinal absorption of vitamin C is saturable — above ~200mg per dose the absorption percentage progressively decreases). For increased needs (athletes in very intensive training, periods of greater oxidative or immune stress), you can take 1 capsule in the morning and 1 capsule at lunch or dinner. \u003cstrong\u003e60 servings per package.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Marvelous Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705352188251,"sku":null,"price":15.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/MarvelousNutrition-VITAMINC.webp?v=1777585503"},{"product_id":"product_57fe6be2-efd5-4839-940e-55d237e1f0f7","title":"Amix - BCAA Elite Rate | 120 caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAmix BCAA Elite Rate is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplement in vegetable capsules, formulated with the classic 2:1:1 ratio of L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine. Each 4-capsule dose provides 3000 mg of total BCAAs: 1500 mg of L-Leucine, 750 mg of L-Isoleucine, and 750 mg of L-Valine. The vegetable capsule (HPMC) format makes it suitable for vegetarian and vegan diets and eliminates the need to prepare shakes, making it ideal for pre-, intra-, or post-workout consumption in any context. Unflavoured, no artificial flavours, no added sugars.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinically validated 2:1:1 ratio for protein synthesis and anti-catabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e The 2:1:1 ratio of L-Leucine:L-Isoleucine:L-Valine is the most studied and widely used in BCAA supplementation, based on decades of research in sports nutrition. L-Leucine is the amino acid with the greatest ability to activate mTORC1, the main regulator of muscle protein synthesis, and its higher relative concentration in this ratio reflects its central role in the anabolic process. L-Isoleucine contributes to glucose metabolism during exercise and muscle energy production, while L-Valine supports cognitive function during exertion and participates in muscle protein synthesis. The combination of the three exerts synergistic effects that surpass those of any isolated amino acid.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-catabolic support during fasted training or caloric deficit:\u003c\/strong\u003e During intense exercise, especially when fasted or in a caloric deficit, the body may resort to breaking down muscle protein as an energy source, a process called muscle catabolism. BCAAs are preferentially oxidised in skeletal muscle (unlike most amino acids, which are metabolised in the liver), meaning that their supplementation during training provides an immediate amino acid substrate that muscle can use as an alternative energy source, reducing muscle protein breakdown. This property makes BCAA Elite Rate particularly valuable for morning fasted workouts, intense caloric restriction phases, or high-volume training periods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegetable capsule format for maximum convenience:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unlike powdered BCAAs, which require preparation, a shaker, and often have bitter or difficult-to-mask flavours, the HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) capsule format of BCAA Elite Rate is extremely practical — just swallow with water, without additional equipment, at any time of day. The vegetable capsules are produced without animal gelatin, making the product suitable for vegetarian and vegan diets, and contain no colourings, artificial flavours, or other unnecessary additives.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProteins contribute to the growth and maintenance of muscle mass:\u003c\/strong\u003e Essential amino acids, including BCAAs L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine, are the fundamental building blocks of muscle protein. Supplementation with BCAAs around training ensures the availability of essential amino acids during the period of highest muscle protein synthesis, maximizing the anabolic response to resistance training stimulus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre, intra, or post-workout:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 4 capsules with water 30 minutes before training, during training, or immediately after. For long-duration or high-volume training, you can split the dose into two intakes: 2 capsules before and 2 during or after.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOn non-training days:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 4 capsules with a meal to support muscle recovery and maintain protein balance, especially during periods of caloric deficit or protein restriction in the diet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store below 25°C in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Amix","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705352253787,"sku":null,"price":26.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/Amix-BCAAEliteRate.webp?v=1775807447"},{"product_id":"product_4fc8c8c1-32af-4be1-b5ba-55df4da6cb9a","title":"Applied Nutrition - ABE | 375g","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eApplied Nutrition's ABE (All Black Everything) is a super-concentrated pre-workout powder in a 375g format (30 servings of 12.5g), Informed Sport certified and suitable for vegan diets. The formula combines six reference active ingredients in sports nutrition: Citrulline Malate 2:1 (4000 mg), Creatine Monohydrate (3000 mg), Beta-Alanine (2000 mg), Taurine, Anhydrous Caffeine (200 mg), and VitaCholine™, supplemented with Niacin (Vitamin B3) and Vitamin B12 to support energy metabolism. No added sugars. The name \"All Black Everything\" and Applied Nutrition's positioning in the maximum performance segment reflect the philosophy of a product that does not compromise on any active ingredient: clinical doses, patented ingredients, and world-renowned anti-doping certification.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitrulline Malate 2:1 (4000 mg) for muscle pump and vascular performance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Citrulline Malate is the muscle pump ingredient with the most scientific evidence and the most effective for sustainably increasing nitric oxide (NO) production. L-Citrulline has significantly higher oral bioavailability than direct L-Arginine, being converted to L-Arginine in the kidneys with much greater efficiency than oral L-Arginine supplementation, resulting in more pronounced and sustained increases in circulating NO. NO promotes peripheral vasodilation, increasing blood flow to active muscles, improving oxygen and nutrient delivery, and amplifying the sensation of muscle pump. The Malate component contributes to the Krebs cycle and ATP production, with additional properties for reducing muscle fatigue. With 4000 mg per serving, ABE provides a clinically relevant dose of Citrulline Malate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreatine Monohydrate (3000 mg) for strength, power, and ATP resynthesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e The inclusion of 3000 mg of creatine monohydrate in ABE transforms it into a pre-workout that simultaneously supports vascular pump and strength performance, eliminating the need for separate creatine supplementation for users who consume ABE daily. Creatine monohydrate is the most studied ergogenic supplement in the history of sports nutrition, with over 500 clinical studies confirming its effectiveness in increasing muscle phosphocreatine stores, ATP resynthesis during explosive efforts, and improving performance in high-intensity exercise. With 3000 mg per serving and daily use, ABE contributes to the progressive saturation of muscle phosphocreatine stores over weeks of continued use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBeta-Alanine CarnoSyn® (2000 mg) for muscle endurance and acidosis elimination:\u003c\/strong\u003e Beta-Alanine is the limiting precursor for muscle carnosine synthesis, the main intracellular proton buffer that neutralizes muscle acidosis during intense anaerobic exercise. With 2000 mg per serving, ABE provides a relevant dose of Beta-Alanine which, with daily and continued use, contributes to the progressive increase in muscle carnosine levels and the improvement of muscle endurance in high-intensity exercise. The tingling sensation on the skin (paresthesia) often associated with Beta-Alanine is a harmless and temporary effect, more pronounced in the first days of supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnhydrous Caffeine (200 mg) for energy, focus, and performance:\u003c\/strong\u003e The 200 mg dose of anhydrous caffeine per serving of ABE is within the clinically effective range for most adults (3 mg\/kg body weight for a 65 kg individual), producing relevant ergogenic effects of increased energy, improved focus and concentration, reduced perception of effort, and improved aerobic and strength performance. Anhydrous caffeine has faster and more consistent absorption than caffeine from natural sources, reaching peak plasma levels 45 to 60 minutes after ingestion. The moderate dose of 200 mg is suitable for most users, including those with moderate caffeine sensitivity, without the risk of adverse effects associated with very high doses present in high-stimulation pre-workouts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitaCholine™ for cognitive focus and mind-muscle connection:\u003c\/strong\u003e VitaCholine™ is a patented form of highly bioavailable choline bitartrate, a precursor to acetylcholine, the main neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. Adequate acetylcholine levels improve nerve signal transmission to the muscle, muscle recruitment, and the mind-muscle connection during strength training, being especially relevant for the quality of technical execution of movements under fatigue conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Sport certification for competitive athletes:\u003c\/strong\u003e ABE is certified by the Informed Sport program, which tests each production batch of the product for substances prohibited by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency), through independent laboratory analysis by the LGC Group, one of the world's leading laboratories in supplement analysis for competitive sports. This certification distinguishes ABE as a pre-workout suitable for athletes subject to anti-doping controls, where the use of supplements without third-party certification can represent a significant risk of accidental contamination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-workout:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mix 1 serving (12.5 g, half a scoop) with 300 to 400 ml of cold water. Shake well and consume 20 to 30 minutes before training. To assess individual tolerance, start with half the recommended dose for the first uses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place, away from sunlight and humidity. Close the packaging tightly after each use.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Applied Nutrition","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705354940763,"sku":null,"price":27.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/1_b145ddb5-0199-4606-b2ff-001f073f102f.png?v=1780699395"},{"product_id":"product_7c5fc3f1-16f4-4857-a838-56e45e048ae3","title":"HSN - NADH 5MG | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eNADH 5 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries line is a dietary supplement in delayed-release vegetable capsules, based on beta-NADH disodium salt (the stabilized form most used in scientific studies of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), supplemented with Vitamin C and Vitamin E for their complementary antioxidant support properties. Each capsule provides 5 mg of NADH, with a recommended daily dose of 2 capsules (10 mg\/day total), aligned with the doses used in reference clinical studies. NADH is one of the most sensitive molecules to heat, light, and the acidic gastric environment, which is why HSN's formulation uses vegetable capsules with delayed-release technology that prevent dissolution in the stomach and ensure the release of the content in the small intestine, where conditions are much more favorable for NADH stability and absorption. Vegan, gluten-free, allergen-free, and GMO-free. Positioned as the introductory version for NADH supplementation within the HSN range.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNADH: the central coenzyme for cellular energy production in all living cells:\u003c\/strong\u003e NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in reduced form) is a coenzyme present in all body cells, where it plays the role of an electron transporter in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. During aerobic metabolism, nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids) are oxidized through various metabolic pathways (glycolysis, beta-oxidation, Krebs cycle) that produce NADH as the main reducing product. NADH transfers high-energy electrons to Complex I of the respiratory chain, triggering a cascade of reactions that results in the synthesis of ATP, the universal energy molecule for all cells. Without sufficient NADH, ATP production is compromised, leading to cellular fatigue, reduced physical and cognitive performance, and energy metabolism disturbances. NADH is involved in over 1000 metabolic reactions in the human body, making it one of the most versatile and biologically relevant metabolic intermediates available for supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBeta-NADH disodium salt: the stabilized form with the greatest scientific basis:\u003c\/strong\u003e The form of NADH used by HSN is beta-NADH disodium salt, the stabilized form of reduced NADH that is most used in scientific literature and published clinical studies on NADH. This disodium salt form has lower vulnerability to oxidation and greater chemical stability compared to free NADH, making it the preferred choice for oral supplementation by ensuring greater ingredient integrity from manufacturing to intestinal absorption.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDelayed-release intestinal capsules for optimized protection and absorption:\u003c\/strong\u003e NADH is extremely sensitive to the acidic environment of the stomach (pH 1 to 3) where it degrades rapidly, losing its biological activity before reaching the small intestine where it would be absorbed. HSN's delayed-release capsules (produced with HPMC and gellan gum) are resistant to the acidic gastric environment and only dissolve in the small intestine (pH 6 to 7), releasing NADH in a much more stable environment and ensuring that the ingredient reaches the absorption site under conditions that preserve its integrity and biological activity. This formulation is considered essential for the effectiveness of any oral NADH supplement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for cellular energy, fatigue reduction, and physical and cognitive performance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Clinical studies with oral NADH document benefits in energy metabolism, fatigue reduction, and performance in contexts of high physical and mental demand. An observational study with elite cyclists who consumed 10 mg of NADH\/day for 1 month documented improved oxygen uptake and reduced blood lactate, with a decrease in reaction time. Studies in adults with chronic fatigue syndrome document improved symptoms in 31% of participants with 10 mg\/day for 4 weeks. The evidence base for NADH is growing, being especially relevant in contexts of high metabolic demand, aging, or chronic fatigue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin C and Vitamin E for complementary antioxidant support:\u003c\/strong\u003e The HSN NADH 5 mg formula is enriched with Vitamin C (calcium ascorbate) and natural Vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopherol succinate) as complementary antioxidants. Vitamin C, as recognized by EFSA, demonstrably contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress, normal energy metabolism, and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Vitamin E also contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress. Both vitamins complement NADH's activity in maintaining cellular redox balance and protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage associated with intense energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5 mg version: ideal for initiation and flexible dose protocols:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN's NADH 5 mg is the entry-level version of the brand's NADH range, specifically designed for those who want to start NADH supplementation with a more moderate and controllable dose. With 2 capsules\/day, the clinically documented dose of 10 mg\/day is obtained, but the versatility of being able to take 1 isolated capsule (5 mg) allows for individual dose adjustment or starting with lower doses to assess tolerance and personal response. HSN also offers 20 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg versions (PANMOL® microencapsulated) for users who want higher doses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClean formula: vegan, gluten-free, allergen-free, GMO-free:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN NADH 5 mg is formulated with a commitment to a clean label, free from declared food allergens, suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets, gluten-free, and free from genetically modified organisms, making it compatible with a wide range of dietary preferences and restrictions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 2 capsules per day, preferably on an empty stomach (30 minutes before breakfast) to maximize intestinal absorption and minimize competition with other nutrients. For initiation, you can start with 1 capsule per day and progress to 2 capsules after 1 to 2 weeks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic combinations recommended by HSN:\u003c\/strong\u003e NADH combines well with Rhodiola rosea (adaptogen for fatigue reduction), Ashwagandha Shoden® (for stress management), Ginkgo Biloba (for cognitive function and cerebral circulation), and Coenzyme Q10 (for complementary mitochondrial support).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool place (below 25°C), dry and dark. NADH is especially sensitive to light and heat. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355399515,"sku":null,"price":27.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-NADH_5mg.webp?v=1776029177"},{"product_id":"product_390d666f-179a-4dfe-b4e4-f41b0631e5c9","title":"HSN - GABA | 500mg \u0026 100caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGABA 500 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries line is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on 500 mg of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) per capsule, enriched with pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) and Vitamin B6 as complementary cofactors for neurotransmitter metabolism. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, present in 30 to 40% of brain neurons, and responsible for the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition that determines the state of calmness, relaxation, and sleep quality. With 1 capsule per day, preferably taken before bedtime, GABA 500 mg HSN supports natural relaxation, stress management, and sleep quality. Vegan, gluten-free, allergen-free, and GMO-free. Health claim awaiting European authorization from EFSA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGABA: the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system:\u003c\/strong\u003e GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is synthesized in the brain from glutamate, in a process catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (which requires Vitamin B6 as a cofactor). It is released by GABAergic neurons and binds to GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in other neurons, producing a hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane that decreases the probability of action potential firing, resulting in an inhibition of nerve transmission. This inhibitory effect is the mechanism responsible for the feeling of calmness, relaxation, and anxiety reduction that GABA provides. Low levels of GABA or its receptor function are associated with sleep disorders, anxiety, chronic stress, and some forms of epilepsy. Oral supplementation with GABA aims to increase the availability of this neurotransmitter in the nervous system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelaxation, stress and anxiety reduction:\u003c\/strong\u003e GABA supplementation has been associated in clinical studies with a state of increased relaxation and a reduction in the subjective perception of stress and anxiety. A study published in 2006 (Abdou et al.) documented relaxation effects and immune potentiation with oral administration of GABA in humans, with changes in brain wave patterns (increase in alpha waves, associated with an alert relaxed state) detected by electroencephalogram. The 500 mg dose per capsule from HSN corresponds to the reference dose documented as effective in relaxation studies with oral GABA administration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for sleep quality and falling asleep:\u003c\/strong\u003e GABA plays a fundamental role in sleep regulation, being the inhibitory neurotransmitter primarily responsible for the transition from wakefulness to sleep and for maintaining deep sleep (NREM). Supplementation with GABA before bedtime aims to facilitate this neurological transition, reducing excessive brain activity that is the main cause of difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep. HSN positions GABA 500 mg as part of its sleep support protocol, often combined with Melatonin, Valerian, and Magnesium Bisglycinate for a synergistic effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for GH (growth hormone) secretion during sleep:\u003c\/strong\u003e GABA has a documented relationship with human growth hormone (HGH) secretion, especially in the immediate post-workout period and during deep sleep. HGH is secreted in pulses during slow-wave NREM sleep, which is precisely the phase of sleep most dependent on GABAergic activity. Studies document that GABA supplementation can increase plasma GH levels at rest and immediately after exercise, contributing to muscle development, tissue repair, and fat metabolism, making it especially relevant for athletes who aim to optimize recovery during sleep.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePantothenic Acid (B5) for energy metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and fatigue reduction:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5), as recognized by EFSA, demonstrably contributes to normal energy metabolism, to the normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, Vitamin D, and some neurotransmitters, to normal intellectual performance, and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. The inclusion of B5 in the HSN GABA 500 mg formula is particularly relevant because acetylcholine synthesis (another neurotransmitter with a role in cognitive function and sleep) requires acetyl-CoA, a metabolite whose metabolism depends on pantothenic acid as a cofactor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin B6 for normal nervous system function and GABA metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), as recognized by EFSA, demonstrably contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system and to normal energy metabolism. More specifically, Vitamin B6 is the essential cofactor of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to GABA within neurons. Without sufficient B6, endogenous GABA synthesis is compromised, even with adequate glutamate availability. The inclusion of Vitamin B6 in the formula directly complements the activity of supplemented GABA, simultaneously supporting the endogenous synthesis of the neurotransmitter.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegan, gluten-free, allergen-free, GMO-free:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN GABA 500 mg is formulated with a vegetable HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) capsule, without animal gelatin, and with a complete absence of declared food allergens, making it suitable for the widest possible spectrum of diets and dietary restrictions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBefore bedtime:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule 30 to 60 minutes before bedtime with water. For sleep quality and falling asleep support, this is the most documented and recommended timing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAfter training:\u003c\/strong\u003e For athletes who want to take advantage of GABA's effect on GH secretion, take 1 capsule immediately after intense training, ideally in combination with a fast-absorbing protein source to maximize the anabolic signal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHSN complete sleep protocol:\u003c\/strong\u003e Combine GABA 500 mg with Magnesium Bisglycinate (2 capsules), Melatonin and\/or Valerian (1 capsule) before bedtime for comprehensive support for relaxation and sleep quality, as recommended by HSN's \"Combat Insomnia\" pack.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355596123,"sku":null,"price":10.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-GABA_500mg.webp?v=1777499885"},{"product_id":"product_a87c0521-b29b-4e4e-a95a-6606fce1488e","title":"HSN - REDUCED GLUTATHIONE | 250mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eReduced Glutathione 250 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on L-glutathione in its reduced form (GSH), the biologically active form of the human body's \"master antioxidant,\" at 250 mg per capsule. The formula is enriched with Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and Selenium (L-selenomethionine), two micronutrients with complementary antioxidant properties and EFSA-approved health claims. Each capsule provides 250 mg of reduced glutathione, a significantly higher dose than the average Western dietary intake (approximately 35 mg\/day), making it suitable for people who want to substantially increase the availability of glutathione in the body. Dosage: 1 capsule twice a day with meals (500 mg\/day total). Vegan, gluten-free, and GMO-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlutathione: the master antioxidant present in all body cells:\u003c\/strong\u003e Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of the amino acids glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, synthesized within all body cells, with a particular concentration in the liver (more than 25% of total body glutathione), kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands, brain, and gonads. It is considered the most abundant and most important endogenous antioxidant in the body, serving as the first line of defense against oxidative stress at the intracellular level. Glutathione exists in two forms: reduced (GSH, the active form) and oxidized (GSSG, the inactive form after neutralizing free radicals). Maintaining a high GSH\/GSSG ratio is a direct indicator of cellular antioxidant status and mitochondrial health. Glutathione levels progressively decline with aging, stress, alcohol, smoking, exposure to pesticides and pollutants, and in contexts of illness or intense physical exercise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduced form (GSH): the only biologically active form for effective supplementation:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN's supplement uses L-glutathione in its reduced form (GSH), which is the only biologically active form of the tripeptide capable of neutralizing free radicals, participating in hepatic detoxification reactions, and regenerating other antioxidants. The oxidized form (GSSG) has no direct antioxidant activity and requires enzymatic regeneration to regain activity. The reduced form is also the most unstable, which is why the quality of the production process and storage conditions are crucial for the product's effectiveness.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBroad-spectrum antioxidant protection and free radical neutralization:\u003c\/strong\u003e Reduced glutathione directly neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, protecting DNA, proteins, and phospholipids of cell and mitochondrial membranes against oxidative damage. In addition to direct neutralization, GSH functions as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a family of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxides and lipid peroxides, especially protecting cell membranes rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids against lipid peroxidation. This role as an enzymatic cofactor significantly amplifies glutathione's antioxidant capacity beyond its direct radical-scavenging activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegeneration of other antioxidants: Vitamin C and Vitamin E:\u003c\/strong\u003e Glutathione plays a unique role in the body's integrated antioxidant system: it can regenerate oxidized Vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) back to its active reduced form (ascorbic acid), and indirectly regenerate Vitamin E. This role as an \"antioxidant regenerator\" means that glutathione amplifies and prolongs the activity of other antioxidants in the body, making the total antioxidant system much more effective than it would be with each antioxidant acting independently. The inclusion of Vitamin C in HSN's formula creates a bidirectional synergy: Vitamin C stabilizes and protects glutathione, while glutathione regenerates oxidized Vitamin C, enhancing the effectiveness of both.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHepatic detoxification and xenobiotic elimination:\u003c\/strong\u003e The liver is the organ with the highest concentration of glutathione in the body, using it as an essential cofactor for glutathione S-transferases (GST), a family of enzymes responsible for conjugating xenobiotics (toxins, medicines, pesticides, heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, and other foreign compounds) with glutathione, making them water-soluble and facilitating their excretion through the biliary or renal system. This phase II detoxification mechanism is fundamental for the liver's ability to process and eliminate potentially toxic substances and directly depends on the availability of hepatic glutathione.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelenium (L-selenomethionine): complementary antioxidant with EFSA claim:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Selenium included in the formula in the form of L-selenomethionine (the organic form with the highest bioavailability) is an essential mineral with documented antioxidant properties approved by EFSA: Selenium demonstrably contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress. Selenium is also an essential cofactor of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the enzyme that uses glutathione to neutralize peroxides, creating a direct synergy between Selenium and the glutathione in the formula. Additionally, Selenium supports the normal function of the immune system and normal thyroid function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin C: immune support and glutathione stabilization:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) included in the formula has a dual function: it contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system (EFSA-approved health claim) and stabilizes and regenerates reduced glutathione, protecting it from spontaneous oxidation during gastrointestinal transit and after absorption. This combination of glutathione + Vitamin C + Selenium covers three complementary and synergistic antioxidant mechanisms, resulting in a product with a more complete antioxidant profile than any of the ingredients alone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmune system support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Immune cells, especially T lymphocytes and macrophages, have a very high intrinsic glutathione content, necessary for their proliferation, differentiation, and effector function. Glutathione depletion in immune cells compromises adaptive and innate immune responses. Supplementation with reduced glutathione aims to maintain or restore intracellular GSH levels in immune cells, especially in contexts of high oxidative stress (illness, intense exercise, aging) where glutathione consumption exceeds the capacity for endogenous synthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule twice a day with meals. Taking it with food improves gastrointestinal tolerance and enhances absorption. The total dose of 500 mg\/day is the reference dose most frequently used in studies of oral glutathione supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTiming:\u003c\/strong\u003e To maximize the post-workout antioxidant effect, take 1 capsule immediately after intense physical exercise. For daily liver detoxification support, take at breakfast and dinner with main meals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic combinations:\u003c\/strong\u003e For an even more comprehensive antioxidant system, combine with N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), which provides L-cysteine as a limiting precursor for endogenous glutathione synthesis, and\/or with Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA), which regenerates oxidized glutathione and activates the Nrf2 transcription factor to stimulate endogenous GSH synthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355628891,"sku":null,"price":29.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-REDUCEDGLUTATHIONE_250mg.webp?v=1777500080"},{"product_id":"product_b45fb92f-2086-4cf6-9bd6-8bd1afe74876","title":"HSN - NAC (N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE) | 300mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries NAC (N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine) 300 mg is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC), the acetylated version of the semi-essential amino acid L-cysteine, produced by plant fermentation. NAC is one of the supplements with the greatest versatility of documented clinical applications, being simultaneously the main orally available precursor of glutathione, a mucolytic agent used clinically, a direct antioxidant, a support for liver health and a nootropic with documented effects on cognitive function. HSN's formula is enriched with natural Vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) and Selenium (L-selenomethionine), three micronutrients with complementary antioxidant properties and EFSA approved health claims. Pack of 120 capsules (4 months of supplementation). 1 capsule per day. Vegan, gluten-free and GMO-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNAC as a glutathione precursor: the most effective way to raise endogenous GSH levels:\u003c\/strong\u003e N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine is the most effective orally available glutathione precursor in supplementation. L-cysteine is the limiting amino acid for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, being the one with the lowest relative availability in the body compared to glutamate and glycine (the other two amino acid components of the tripeptide). By providing L-cysteine in acetylated form (which has much higher oral bioavailability and gastrointestinal stability than free L-cysteine), NAC increases the intracellular availability of cysteine and, consequently, the rate of endogenous glutathione synthesis in all cells of the body. The strategic advantage of NAC over direct supplementation with reduced glutathione (GSH) is that NAC stimulates intracellular GSH synthesis, which is the biologically relevant location, while exogenous glutathione has difficulty being absorbed intact and crossing cell membranes to effectively exert its function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirect antioxidant due to the reactivity of the free thiol group:\u003c\/strong\u003e In addition to its role as a glutathione precursor, NAC has direct antioxidant activity thanks to the free thiol group (-SH) in its molecular structure, which can directly neutralise free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This direct antioxidant activity is independent of NAC's role as a GSH precursor and adds an immediate layer of antioxidant protection that complements the more delayed but sustained effect of increased intracellular GSH levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for liver health and detoxification:\u003c\/strong\u003e The liver is the organ with the highest concentration of glutathione in the body, using it as an essential cofactor for phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione S-transferases) that conjugate and eliminate xenobiotics, toxins, medications and heavy metals. NAC is widely recognised for its role in supporting liver health, being used clinically in the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning, where the depletion of hepatic glutathione is the central mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Daily NAC supplementation maintains hepatic glutathione reserves, supporting the liver's detoxification capacity and protecting hepatocytes against oxidative damage associated with alcohol, chronic medication, exposure to pesticides and pollutants, and chronic metabolic stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMucolytic properties for respiratory health:\u003c\/strong\u003e NAC has one of the most well-documented clinical applications in respiratory health, being used as a mucolytic agent in clinical medicine since the 1960s. The mechanism of action is direct: NAC breaks the disulfide bonds between bronchial mucus glycoproteins, reducing its viscosity and elasticity and facilitating its elimination from the respiratory tract through productive coughing and mucociliary clearance. This mucolytic effect is relevant for both chronic respiratory conditions (chronic bronchitis, COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and acute situations of excessive mucus accumulation associated with viral or bacterial respiratory infections.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCognitive support and neuroprotection:\u003c\/strong\u003e Glutathione plays a relevant role in central nervous system health, being one of the main cerebral antioxidants and a protector of neuronal cells against oxidative stress. NAC, by increasing GSH levels in the brain, can contribute to neuronal protection and the maintenance of cognitive function, especially in contexts of high cerebral oxidative stress associated with ageing, chronic fatigue or post-intense exercise recovery. Exploratory studies with NAC in neuropsychiatric disorders document effects of mood improvement, anxiety reduction and cognitive function improvement, attributed to the modulation of cerebral redox balance and the modulation of neurotransmitters such as glutamate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNatural Vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate) for antioxidant protection of membranes:\u003c\/strong\u003e The natural Vitamin E included in the formula in its most bioavailable form (D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate) is the main fat-soluble antioxidant of cell membranes, protecting phospholipids from lipid peroxidation. As recognised by EFSA, Vitamin E demonstrably contributes to the protection of cells against oxidative stress. The combination of NAC (which increases intracellular water-soluble GSH) with Vitamin E (which protects lipid membranes) covers the two main antioxidant compartments of the cell.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRiboflavin (Vitamin B2) for glutathione metabolism and cellular energy:\u003c\/strong\u003e Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is an essential cofactor of glutathione reductase, the enzyme responsible for regenerating oxidised glutathione (GSSG) back to its active reduced form (GSH). Without sufficient Riboflavin, the capacity for GSH regeneration is compromised, even if precursors are available. The inclusion of Riboflavin in the formula completes the glutathione support cycle: NAC provides the precursor (cysteine) for GSH synthesis, Riboflavin ensures the regeneration of oxidised GSH, and Vitamin E and Selenium protect against oxidative stress that consumes GSH.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelenium (L-selenomethionine) as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase:\u003c\/strong\u003e Selenium is an essential trace mineral and an indispensable cofactor for the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) family of enzymes, which uses GSH to neutralise hydrogen peroxides and lipid peroxides. Without sufficient Selenium, GPx activity is compromised, regardless of GSH availability. L-selenomethionine is the organic form of Selenium with the highest bioavailability and stability, as recognised by EFSA for contributing to the protection of cells against oxidative stress and to the normal functioning of the immune system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProduction by plant fermentation: vegan and without ingredients of animal origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e The NAC used by HSN is produced by microbial fermentation from plant sources, ensuring that the product is 100% suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets, without any ingredients of animal origin in its composition or production process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule daily with a meal. For higher doses (600 to 1200 mg\/day) as recommended by most studies, take 2 to 4 capsules spread throughout the day with meals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic combinations recommended by HSN:\u003c\/strong\u003e For maximum support for glutathione production, combine with Glycine (the third amino acid component of GSH, often deficient in older adults). For specific liver support, combine with Milk Thistle (silymarin). For cardiovascular antioxidant support, combine with Coenzyme Q10. For immune support, combine with Vitamin C and Zinc.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool (below 25°C), dry and dark place. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355661659,"sku":null,"price":9.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-NAC_300mg.webp?v=1777501415"},{"product_id":"product_cf31ff88-4d9b-43f9-b664-258dd30c79e7","title":"HSN - EVO 2:1:1 (BCAAs 2:1:1 + VITAMINS B6 AND B12) | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEVO 2:1:1 from HSN's SportSeries is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplement in fast-disintegrating tablets, formulated with the 2:1:1 ratio (L-Leucine: L-Isoleucine: L-Valine) most studied by science, obtained exclusively through vegetable fermentation. Each tablet provides 1g of pure BCAAs, without lacquering or coatings that delay disintegration, ensuring immediate release of amino acids for rapid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The formula is enriched with Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) to support hormonal and protein metabolism, and Vitamin B12 in its active methylcobalamin form (the form the body uses directly, without the need for metabolic conversion) to reduce fatigue and tiredness. Vegan, gluten-free, no animal-derived ingredients. Available in packs of 30, 120, and 240 tablets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBCAAs 2:1:1 from vegetable fermentation: the ratio most studied by science:\u003c\/strong\u003e Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) are a group of three essential amino acids with a branched aliphatic side chain: L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine. They are \"essential\" because the human body cannot synthesize them and must obtain them through diet or supplementation. The 2:1:1 ratio (2 parts Leucine to 1 part Isoleucine and 1 part Valine) is the ratio that most closely approximates the natural concentration of these amino acids in human muscle protein and is the most widely used in scientific studies on BCAAs, also being the natural proportion in which they are found in major high-quality protein sources (whey, casein, egg). HSN's BCAAs are obtained exclusively by microbial fermentation from plant sources, unlike many brands that still use extraction processes from poultry feathers, human hair, or other animal by-products, making EVO 2:1:1 completely suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-Leucine as the main activator of muscle protein synthesis via mTORC1:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-Leucine is the amino acid with the greatest and most direct ability to activate the mTORC1 pathway (mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1), the main intracellular regulator of muscle protein synthesis. mTORC1 signaling by L-Leucine is the central molecular mechanism by which protein or BCAA consumption stimulates muscle protein synthesis, regardless of other anabolic signals such as insulin or growth factors. The double dose of L-Leucine in the 2:1:1 ratio (compared to L-Isoleucine and L-Valine) reflects the primary role of this amino acid in stimulating protein synthesis and is the reason why the 2:1:1 ratio is the most used in a sports context for this purpose.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-Isoleucine for energy metabolism and muscle glucose uptake:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-Isoleucine has functional properties distinct from those of L-Leucine: in addition to its role in protein synthesis, L-Isoleucine stimulates glucose uptake by skeletal muscle through an insulin-independent mechanism (involving the translocation of GLUT4 transporters to the cell membrane), contributing to the supply of energy substrate during high-intensity exercise. This property makes L-Isoleucine especially relevant for consumption during prolonged or high-intensity training sessions, where maintaining muscle glucose availability is crucial for performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-Valine to support energy metabolism and reduce central fatigue:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-Valine competes with tryptophan in crossing the blood-brain barrier through the same branched-chain amino acid transporters. Tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with the sensation of central fatigue during prolonged exercise. By competing with tryptophan for entry into the brain, BCAA supplementation (including L-Valine) can attenuate the increase in brain serotonin during exercise, contributing to the reduction of the perception of central fatigue and the maintenance of performance in long-duration exercises.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnti-catabolic support during intense exercise and caloric deficit:\u003c\/strong\u003e During intense exercise and in contexts of caloric deficit (cutting diets, caloric restriction), the body may resort to muscle protein degradation (catabolism) as an energy source, especially through the oxidation of BCAAs by skeletal muscle. BCAA supplementation before or during training provides an exogenous substrate for this oxidation, potentially sparing endogenous muscle protein from degradation, with an anti-catabolic effect particularly relevant during cutting phases or fasted training.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) for protein metabolism and hormonal regulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B6 is an essential cofactor for over 100 enzymes in amino acid metabolism, directly participating in the metabolism of transaminases that allow for amino acid interconversion and utilization. As recognized by the EFSA, Vitamin B6 demonstrably contributes to normal protein and glycogen metabolism, normal cysteine synthesis, and the normal functioning of the nervous system. In the specific context of BCAAs, Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) deamination enzymes that catalyze the first step of BCAA catabolism in peripheral tissues, facilitating their metabolic utilization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin B12 in its active methylcobalamin form to reduce fatigue and support neurological function:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B12 is included in EVO 2:1:1 in the form of methylcobalamin, the active and methylated form of cobalamin that the body uses directly without the need for metabolic conversion, unlike cyanocobalamin (the most common and cheapest form) which requires hepatic conversion before it can perform its functions. Methylcobalamin has higher bioavailability, greater tissue stability, and greater effectiveness in reducing fatigue. As recognized by the EFSA, Vitamin B12 demonstrably contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, the normal functioning of the nervous system, and normal energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFast-disintegrating tablets without lacquering for immediate absorption:\u003c\/strong\u003e The uncoated (unlacquered) tablet format and lack of modified-release agents ensure rapid disintegration in the stomach, with immediate release of amino acids for intestinal absorption. This feature is particularly relevant for peri-workout use, where the speed of amino acid availability in circulation is crucial for the supplement's effectiveness. Each tablet provides 1g of BCAAs in a highly concentrated format, the result of a manufacturing process that controls particle size and powder density to maximize the amount of amino acid per tablet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-workout:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 5 to 10 tablets (5 to 10g of BCAAs) with water 30 minutes before training to increase plasma amino acid availability during the session and reduce exercise-induced muscle catabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntra-workout:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 5 tablets during long sessions (more than 60 to 90 minutes) to maintain plasma BCAA levels and reduce central fatigue and catabolism during prolonged effort.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-workout:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 5 to 10 tablets immediately after training in combination with a complete protein source (whey, EAAs) to enhance the muscle protein synthesis stimulus in the post-workout window.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFasted:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 5 tablets upon waking to mitigate protein catabolism from overnight fasting, especially in morning fasted training protocols.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355727195,"sku":null,"price":13.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/1_582f8434-2c7a-4d64-b4f0-e3a90ad99d96.png?v=1780699324"},{"product_id":"product_5f72f0bf-da30-49c5-aaf2-51a9a88c96e0","title":"HSN - BLACK MACA EXTRACT | 120caps \u0026 500mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Black Maca Extract (20:1) 500 mg is a dietary supplement in vegetable capsules formulated exclusively with concentrated black maca root extract (Lepidium meyenii) at a 20:1 concentration ratio, without any additional additives or ingredients. Each 500 mg capsule is equivalent to 10 g of dried black maca root, making it one of the most concentrated forms of black maca available on the market in a single daily dose format. Black maca (black root Lepidium meyenii) is the rarest and most valued variety of Andean maca, with a phytochemical profile denser in phenolic compounds and alkaloids compared to the yellow and purple varieties, and with a tradition of use associated with supporting male physical and sexual performance, fertility, and bone health. Clean label formula: only black maca extract and vegetable capsule, no aesthetic additives, allergen-free, vegan, and non-GMO. 1 capsule per day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack maca: the rarest and most valued variety of Andean maca:\u003c\/strong\u003e Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a cruciferous plant cultivated exclusively in the high altitudes of the Peruvian Andes, between 3800 and 4400 meters above sea level, under some of the most extreme environmental conditions in Andean agriculture. It exists in several varieties distinguishable by root color: yellow (the most common, about 60% of total production), red\/purple, and black (the rarest, representing less than 10% of total production). The black color of the root reflects a higher concentration of glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, macaene alkaloids, and benzylglucosinolates compared to the other varieties, which is associated with a more potent phytochemical profile and more marked functional properties in certain areas, namely supporting physical performance, male fertility, and bone health. Comparative studies of maca varieties conducted by Peruvian researcher Gonzales and colleagues document that black maca has more pronounced effects on sperm count and motility and on spatial memory compared to the yellow and red varieties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20:1 concentration ratio for maximum potency in a minimal dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e The black maca extract used by HSN has a concentration ratio of 20:1, meaning that 20 g of dried black maca root were needed to produce each gram of extract. With 500 mg of extract per capsule, each capsule is equivalent to the phytochemical content of 10 g of dried black maca root, far exceeding the doses of powdered root conventionally used in clinical studies (3 to 5 g\/day of powdered root). This high concentration ratio allows obtaining the equivalent of the reference dose from scientific literature in a single daily capsule, without the need to ingest large amounts of powder with the characteristic and intense taste and aroma of raw maca.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for physical performance, energy, and vitality:\u003c\/strong\u003e Black maca is recognized in Andean tradition for its role in supporting energy, physical endurance, and vitality, having been historically consumed by Inca warriors and workers in highly demanding physical conditions. Contemporary studies in animal models and humans document that black maca supplementation can reduce the perception of fatigue, improve performance in endurance exercises, and increase perceived energy without the adrenergic stimulant effects of caffeine and other conventional stimulants. This adaptogenic effect of black maca on energy and vitality is attributed to its profile of glucosinolates, macaenes, and macamides, compounds exclusive to maca with documented biological activity in the central nervous system and energy metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for male fertility and sperm quality:\u003c\/strong\u003e Black maca has the most robust evidence base among maca varieties for supporting male fertility. Clinical studies with Lepidium meyenii in adult men document improvements in sperm count, concentration, and motility after 4 months of supplementation, without changes in serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, LH, or FSH, suggesting that the mechanism of action is independent of the conventional hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Black maca specifically showed more pronounced results in sperm count and motility compared to yellow and red maca in variety comparison studies. This effect is attributed to compounds exclusive to black maca that act directly on the testes and epididymis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for sexual desire and sexual function:\u003c\/strong\u003e Black maca has a tradition of use as a sexual adaptogen and aphrodisiac in both genders, and its reputation is supported by clinical studies documenting improved sexual desire (libido) after supplementation with Lepidium meyenii in adult men, unrelated to changes in serum testosterone levels (Gonzales et al., 2002), and in postmenopausal women (Brooks et al., 2008). The mechanism by which maca improves sexual desire appears to be independent of conventional sex hormones, possibly involving the modulation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin through the phenolic compounds and alkaloids of the root.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for bone health, especially in postmenopause:\u003c\/strong\u003e Studies in animal models and some preliminary human studies document that black maca (specifically this variety) has effects supporting bone mineral density and bone strength, especially in contexts of estrogen depletion such as postmenopause. The proposed mechanism involves the inhibition of bone resorption by osteoclasts, possibly mediated by the glucosinolates and isothiocyanates of black maca with moderate phytoestrogenic activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClean label formula with a single ingredient:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN's Black Maca Extract 500 mg is formulated with a complete commitment to a clean label: only black maca extract and HPMC vegetable capsule, without aesthetic additives, unnecessary anti-caking agents, flavors, colorings, or any ingredient that does not contribute to the functional activity of the product. This purity of formulation ensures that the user receives exclusively concentrated black maca extract, without dilution by excipients or unnecessary ingredients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day, with or without food, preferably at the same time each day for dosing consistency. The daily dose of 500 mg of 20:1 extract (equivalent to 10 g of dried root) can be taken in the morning for daytime energy support or before physical activity for performance support.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsage cycles:\u003c\/strong\u003e Black maca can be used continuously without the need for cycles with breaks, unlike some adrenergic stimulants. The effects are cumulative and typically more pronounced after 4 to 12 weeks of regular use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool (below 25°C), dry, and dark place. Keep out of reach of children.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355825499,"sku":null,"price":15.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-BLACKMACAEXTRACT.webp?v=1777499812"},{"product_id":"product_497df68d-7f9c-4a44-9261-949d3757df38","title":"HSN - MALTODEXTRIN POWDER | 1kg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's RawSeries Maltodextrin Powder is a single-ingredient powdered food based on 100% non-GMO corn maltodextrin, produced by controlled hydrolysis of corn starch. It contains no additives, no flavorings, no sweeteners, no fat, and no other ingredients besides pure maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is a highly polymerized glucose polymer (more than 4 dextrose monomers in the chain) with a medium dextrose equivalent (DE), which gives it a neutral to slightly sweet taste, high water solubility, and a faster digestion and absorption rate than conventional starch but more gradual than pure dextrose. With less than 7% simple sugars in its composition and a high concentration of fast-absorbing complex carbohydrates, it is one of the reference energy sources in sports nutrition for peri-workout use. Vegan, gluten-free, and non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighly Polymerized Maltodextrin: Fast-Absorbing Carbohydrate for Glycogen Replenishment:\u003c\/strong\u003e Maltodextrin is produced by partial hydrolysis of corn starch, resulting in a glucose polymer of intermediate length (typically 3 to 20 glucose units, with a dextrose equivalent between 10 and 20). This intermediate chain length gives maltodextrin a faster absorption profile than native starch (which requires more extensive enzymatic digestion) but more gradual than pure glucose or dextrose (monomer). The result is a carbohydrate source with a high glycemic index (similar to glucose for low DE forms) that rapidly raises blood glucose levels, provides substrate for ATP resynthesis during exercise, and for glycogen replenishment post-workout, but without the abrupt glycemic peak of isolated dextrose. As recognized by EFSA, carbohydrates have been proven to contribute to the recovery of normal muscle function after intense or prolonged exercise leading to glycogen depletion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh Polymerization for Neutral Taste and Lower Osmolality in Solution:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN specifically selects highly polymerized maltodextrin (more than 4 dextrose monomers) for its RawSeries product, which results in two practical advantages. The taste is neutral to slightly sweet (with less than 7% simple sugars), without the very sweet taste characteristic of low polymerization forms, allowing it to be added to any drink or shake without significantly altering the flavor profile. The osmolality of the maltodextrin solution is lower than that of equivalent glucose or dextrose solutions at the same carbohydrate concentration, given that each maltodextrin molecule represents an osmotic particle regardless of its chain length, resulting in more hypotonic solutions that have faster gastric emptying, a lower risk of gastrointestinal discomfort during exercise, and better palatability in sports drinks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePure Carbohydrate Energy Source: Zero Fat, Zero Protein, Zero Additives:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN's RawSeries maltodextrin is virtually free of fat, protein, fiber, and any other macronutrient besides carbohydrates, making it a carbohydrate energy source with a predictable and controllable composition. This purity is especially valued by athletes who precisely calculate the macronutrient composition of their peri-workout drinks and aim to add carbohydrates without introducing uncontrolled nutritional variables. The absence of additives, flavors, and sweeteners makes it completely organoleptically neutral, compatible with any combination.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaximum Combination and Application Versatility:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN's maltodextrin powder is compatible with virtually any nutritional combination: it can be added to protein shakes to increase carbohydrate intake without altering the taste; mixed with dextrose or fructose to create sports drinks with multiple carbohydrate sources and different intestinal transporters (maximizing the absorption rate beyond the 60 g\/hour possible with a single carbohydrate source); combined with EAAs or BCAAs for complete intra-workout drinks; or used as an ingredient in competition preparation recipes that require precise carbohydrate intake manipulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHighly Available Carbohydrates for Homemade Gainers and Weight Gain Support:\u003c\/strong\u003e For athletes with high caloric needs, weight or muscle gain goals, or difficulty meeting daily carbohydrate needs through solid food, maltodextrin powder is the ingredient of choice for increasing caloric intake in a practical and economical way. Adding 50 to 100 g of maltodextrin to a protein shake adds 190 to 380 kcal of pure carbohydrates without altering the taste or volume of the shake, allowing for the creation of a personalized gainer with the exact desired protein\/carbohydrate ratio, at a much lower cost than pre-formulated commercial gainers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDextrose Equivalent (DE) Suitable for Rapid Absorption Without Excessive Glycemic Peak:\u003c\/strong\u003e The dextrose equivalent (DE) of HSN's maltodextrin positions it in a rapid absorption zone, but not as abrupt as pure dextrose, which is especially relevant for intra-workout use (where energy needs to be quickly available but without the crashes associated with simple sugar sources) and post-workout (where muscle glycogen replenishment should be fast but does not require the peak insulin response of dextrose).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRawSeries: Single Product Philosophy, Maximum Purity, No Additives:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN maltodextrin is part of the RawSeries line, the brand's philosophy of raw format products with a single ingredient, no additives, no flavorings, and no unnecessary excipients. The raw material comes from certified non-GMO corn starch, with strict quality control throughout the entire production chain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-workout (glycogen replenishment):\u003c\/strong\u003e Mix 50 g (~2 scoops) with 300 to 400 ml of cold water. Consume immediately after training, ideally combined with a protein source (whey isolate or hydrolysate) to maximize glycogen replenishment and muscle protein synthesis in the post-workout window.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntra-workout (energy maintenance):\u003c\/strong\u003e Mix 30 to 50 g with 500 ml of water (with or without EAAs) for consumption during training sessions lasting longer than 60 to 90 minutes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonalized Gainer:\u003c\/strong\u003e Add 50 to 100 g to a protein powder shake (whey, casein, or plant protein) with milk or plant-based drink to create a hypercaloric post-workout or between-meal drink with the desired protein\/carbohydrate ratio.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed Sports Drink:\u003c\/strong\u003e Combine 30 to 40 g of maltodextrin with 10 to 20 g of dextrose or fructose and 5 to 10 g of EAAs or BCAAs in 500 ml of water to create a complete intra-workout sports drink with multiple carbohydrate and amino acid sources.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355858267,"sku":null,"price":6.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/1_20485417-5dd3-4b03-a8c1-d073e6535cce.png?v=1780699261"},{"product_id":"product_2949988f-6916-483f-a971-adcd7235ad2b","title":"HSN - EVOCARBS 2.0 | 40g","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvoCarbs 2.0 from HSN's SportSeries line is an instant reconstitution isotonic powder drink, developed as the most versatile and complete carbohydrate and electrolyte sports drink in the HSN range. The formula combines a triple matrix of carbohydrates from complementary sources (maltodextrin, dextrose, and fructose, which use different intestinal transporters) with the main electrolytes lost through sweating (sodium via sodium chloride and sodium citrate, and magnesium via magnesium malate or citrate), in a solution with a certified osmolality between 200 and 330 mOsm\/kg (the osmolality range that defines a true isotonic drink according to European regulations). Allergen-free, stimulant-free, fat-free. Each 40g serving (~2 scoops) in 400ml of water provides over 30% of the carbohydrates needed per hour of high-intensity exercise. Available in Lemon, Natural, and other flavors, in 500g, 1kg, 3kg, and 40g single-dose formats.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTriple carbohydrate matrix (maltodextrin + dextrose + fructose) for maximum absorption and sustained energy:\u003c\/strong\u003e The main innovation of EvoCarbs 2.0 compared to conventional sports drinks based on a single carbohydrate source is the combination of three complementary sources: maltodextrin (a glucose polymer with moderately fast absorption), dextrose (free glucose with immediate absorption), and fructose (a monosaccharide absorbed by the specific GLUT5 transporter). The relevance of this combination lies in the intestinal transporters: glucose (dextrose and glucose from maltodextrin) is absorbed by the SGLT1 transporter (sodium-glucose cotransporter), which has a maximum absorption capacity of approximately 60 g\/hour. Fructose is absorbed by the GLUT5 transporter, which works independently and in parallel with SGLT1. The combination of glucose and fructose sources allows for exceeding the 60 g\/hour absorption limit and achieving intestinal carbohydrate absorption rates of 90 to 120 g\/hour during high-intensity or long-duration exercise sessions, with a direct impact on performance maintenance and glycogen replenishment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCertified osmolality of 200 to 330 mOsm\/kg: a true isotonic drink, not just declared:\u003c\/strong\u003e The distinction between an isotonic drink and a hypotonic or hypertonic drink is the osmolality of the final prepared solution. Many commercial sports drinks claim to be isotonic based only on solute concentration (less than 8%), but without verification of actual osmolality. HSN conducted studies with specific osmometers to certify that EvoCarbs 2.0, prepared at the recommended concentration, has a real osmolality between 200 and 330 mOsm\/kg, the range defined by European regulations for isotonic sports drinks. This certification ensures that the product meets the requirements to be considered a true isotonic drink with documented benefits: faster gastric emptying than hypertonic drinks, lower risk of gastrointestinal discomfort during exercise, and demonstrated effectiveness in maintaining hydration and performance during endurance exercise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEuropean criteria for isotonic sports drinks met:\u003c\/strong\u003e EvoCarbs 2.0 complies with all technical criteria of European regulations for endurance performance-maintaining drinks: it contains between 80 and 350 kcal\/liter of carbohydrates, with at least 75% of energy derived from high glycemic index carbohydrates; it contains sodium between 460 and 1150 mg\/liter; and it has an osmolality between 200 and 330 mOsm\/kg. This compliance with European criteria allows EvoCarbs 2.0 to make the EFSA-approved health claim: carbohydrates contribute to the maintenance of endurance performance during prolonged exercise and to the recovery of normal muscle function after high-intensity exercise with glycogen depletion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEssential electrolytes for hydration and muscle function:\u003c\/strong\u003e EvoCarbs 2.0 includes the three most critical electrolytes lost through sweating during exercise, each in highly bioavailable forms. Sodium is provided by two complementary sources: sodium chloride (which replenishes both sodium and chloride simultaneously) and sodium citrate (which replenishes sodium and has lactate buffering properties during high-intensity exercise). Magnesium is provided as magnesium malate or citrate, organic forms with superior bioavailability to conventional magnesium oxide. Sodium is the most critical electrolyte for maintaining plasma volume, osmotic pressure, and nerve impulse during exercise, with its depletion being the main mechanism of exercise-induced hyponatremia (the greatest health risk associated with over-hydration with pure water during long-duration endurance events). Magnesium is essential for muscle contraction, ATP production, and neuromuscular transmission.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsence of stimulants for day and night use, with no timing limits:\u003c\/strong\u003e The complete absence of caffeine and stimulants in EvoCarbs 2.0 makes it suitable for use at any time of day, including night workouts, and eliminates the risk of interaction with other stimulant supplements the athlete may already be using. For athletes who want to add caffeine to their intra-workout hydration protocol, HSN recommends stacking it with Evolytes Plus+ (which provides natural caffeine + electrolytes in capsules), thus maintaining independent control over each component.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAllergen-free, vegan, with excellent solubility and balanced flavors:\u003c\/strong\u003e EvoCarbs 2.0 is formulated without any declared food allergens, making it suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets and for athletes with multiple dietary restrictions. Its solubility is excellent, dissolving completely in cold water without the need for a shaker, which facilitates preparation in a bottle during cycling, running, or triathlon sessions. The flavors have been developed with sweetness and taste intensity calibrated to be pleasant in large volumes of liquid (500ml to 1 liter per serving), without the excessive sweetness often associated with conventional sports drinks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntra-workout (during exercise):\u003c\/strong\u003e Mix 2 scoops (~40g) in 400 to 500ml of cold water and consume in small sips throughout the exercise session. For high-intensity sessions lasting over 60 minutes, this is the primary timing for use, providing energy to maintain performance and replenish electrolytes lost through sweating.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-workout (light carbohydrate load):\u003c\/strong\u003e Consume 30 to 45 minutes before training to increase carbohydrate availability from the start of the session, especially useful in morning workouts where there is insufficient time for a solid pre-workout meal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-workout (glycogen and electrolyte replenishment):\u003c\/strong\u003e Consume immediately after training to quickly begin replenishing glycogen and lost electrolytes, especially for athletes with multiple training sessions on the same day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation method:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mix 40g (~2 scoops) in 400 to 500ml of cold water to achieve the certified isotonic osmolality. Adjust the water volume according to taste preference, keeping in mind that more water results in a hypotonic solution (more suitable for hydration in extreme heat conditions) and less water results in a hypertonic solution (more suitable for caloric priority over hydration).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705355891035,"sku":null,"price":1.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-EVOCARBS2.0_40g.webp?v=1777499366"},{"product_id":"product_46658c6b-f24a-43b0-9201-3d2286c5ed90","title":"HSN - LUTEIN + ZEAXANTHIN | 120 capsules","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLutein + Zeaxanthin 20 mg\/1 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on Tagetes erecta (marigold) flower extract with a 38:1 concentration ratio, standardised to 20% lutein, 1.5% total carotenoids, and 1.3% zeaxanthin, protected by a microencapsulation system that ensures the maximum stability of these oxidation-sensitive fat-soluble carotenoids. The formula is supplemented with Vitamin A (retinyl acetate), which has been shown to contribute to the maintenance of normal vision, as recognised by the EFSA. Each daily dose of 2 capsules provides 40 mg of Lutein and ~1.3 mg of Zeaxanthin, covering the doses used in most reference clinical studies on eye health and macular pigment. Derived from plant sources, suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets. Gluten-free and non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLutein and Zeaxanthin: the essential macular carotenoids for visual health:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lutein and Zeaxanthin are two xanthophylls (oxygenated carotenoids) that constitute the main pigment of the macula lutea, the central region of the retina responsible for high-resolution vision, colour vision, and reading. The human body does not synthesise lutein or zeaxanthin endogenously and relies entirely on dietary intake of these molecules to maintain macular pigment levels. The typical Western diet provides insufficient amounts of lutein (typically 1 to 2 mg\/day), well below the 6 to 10 mg considered adequate for eye protection, and even further below the 40 mg\/day used in the most impactful clinical studies. Macular pigment fulfils two critical functions for visual health: optical filter of high-energy blue light (which is the most potentially damaging to the retina) and direct antioxidant for the protection of photoreceptors against light-induced oxidative stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMacular protection and reduction of the risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD):\u003c\/strong\u003e AMD is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in adults over 50 in developed countries, with macular pigment depletion being one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Large-scale longitudinal studies, including the AREDS2 (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2) by the US National Eye Institute, document that supplementation with Lutein and Zeaxanthin significantly reduces the risk of progression from intermediate AMD to advanced AMD. The optical density of macular pigment (MPOD) is directly proportional to the intake of lutein and zeaxanthin, being an established biomarker of AMD risk. Supplementation with the doses of HSN's product (40 mg\/day of Lutein) covers and exceeds the doses tested in the main reference clinical studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtection against cataracts and lens opacification:\u003c\/strong\u003e In addition to their role in macular protection, lutein and zeaxanthin are present in the human lens, where they act as blue light filters and antioxidants to protect the lens against oxidative stress that promotes opacification (cataracts). Epidemiological studies document an inverse association between plasma levels of lutein\/zeaxanthin and the incidence of nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataracts, two of the most common types of cataracts in middle-aged and elderly adults.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlue light filter for digital protection and reduction of visual fatigue:\u003c\/strong\u003e The increasing exposure to blue light from computer screens, smartphones, and LED televisions represents a growing challenge for the eye health of adults of working age, who spend an average of 8 to 12 hours daily exposed to blue light from artificial sources. Lutein and zeaxanthin selectively absorb short-wavelength blue light (420 to 490 nm), acting as a natural optical filter that reduces the amount of blue light reaching the macular photoreceptors and the peripheral retina. Studies document that higher MPOD levels are associated with less eye discomfort, less photophobia, and better visual acuity in high-contrast conditions after blue light exposure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroencapsulation for carotenoid stability and bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lutein and zeaxanthin are fat-soluble carotenoids with high susceptibility to oxidation, which rapidly degrades these molecules when exposed to oxygen, light, and heat. HSN protects its carotenoids with a microencapsulation system that encapsulates each carotenoid molecule in a protective matrix, preventing contact with oxygen and light during storage and gastrointestinal transit. This protection ensures the maximum stability of the carotenoids from manufacturing to intestinal absorption, maintaining the declared potency on the label until the end of the shelf life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTagetes erecta (marigold) extract: the most concentrated plant source of natural lutein:\u003c\/strong\u003e Tagetes erecta (marigold) flower extract, with a 38:1 concentration ratio and standardised to 20% lutein, is the plant source with the highest concentration of lutein commercially available for supplementation. The lutein and zeaxanthin extracted from Tagetes are the same molecules found in the human eye, with identical chemical structure and equal bioavailability. The plant origin of the extract makes the product suitable for vegan diets, unlike lutein and zeaxanthin sources derived from egg yolk (the other concentrated dietary source of these carotenoids), which are not suitable for vegans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin A for the maintenance of normal vision:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin A (retinol\/retinyl acetate) included in the formula plays a complementary and distinct role from lutein and zeaxanthin in visual health. As recognised by the EFSA, Vitamin A has been shown to contribute to the maintenance of normal vision, being the precursor of 11-cis-retinal, the photosensitive molecule that constitutes the molecular basis of phototransduction in the rod cells of the retina, essential for scotopic vision (vision in low light conditions). The combination of Lutein + Zeaxanthin (protects the macula and cones of daytime vision) with Vitamin A (supports rhodopsin and rods of night vision) covers the two complementary visual systems of the human eye.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 2 vegetable capsules per day, preferably with a meal containing fat. Lutein and zeaxanthin are fat-soluble carotenoids whose intestinal absorption is significantly enhanced by the presence of dietary fat in the meal, which stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic lipase necessary for their incorporation into micelles and absorption by enterocytes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsistency and duration:\u003c\/strong\u003e The increase in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) with lutein supplementation requires continued use for at least 12 to 16 weeks for measurable results. Indefinite continued use is safe and recommended, especially for adults over 40, intensive screen users, and people with a family history of AMD.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356022107,"sku":null,"price":17.18,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-LUTEIN_ZEAXANTHIN_20mg-1mg.webp?v=1777500925"},{"product_id":"product_2f6548a6-5516-4559-bd2e-da3d5d16f034","title":"HSN - PEA \u0026 MAG | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries PEA \u0026 Mag is a dietary supplement in vegetable capsules based on ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) of plant origin and Magnesium Citrate, developed to support natural inflammatory balance, neuropathic pain modulation, and nervous system health. PEA (Palmitoylethanolamide) is an endogenous lipid belonging to the family of fatty acid amides, produced by the body itself in response to inflammatory stimuli and tissue injury, functioning as part of the body's natural anti-inflammatory defense system. Advanced micronization (particle size of 0.8 to 6 µm) ensures significantly higher bioavailability than conventional non-micronized PEA, which has very limited absorption due to its lipid nature and low aqueous solubility. The effective daily dose of 1200 mg of PEA is complemented with 250 mg of Magnesium via Magnesium Citrate (one of the forms with the highest bioavailability), which contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system and the maintenance of bones. PEA of plant origin (rare and exclusive), suitable for vegan diets. Allergen-free, gluten-free, GMO-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePEA: the endogenous lipid amide with a central role in the body's natural anti-inflammatory defense system:\u003c\/strong\u003e Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an amide of palmitic acid (C16:0) with ethanolamine, belonging to the family of lipid endocannabinoids. It is synthesized on demand by body cells in response to injury, inflammation, and cellular stress stimuli, functioning as an endogenous lipid modulator of the immune and nervous systems. PEA acts primarily as an agonist of PPAR-α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor alpha) receptors, which are nuclear transcription factors with a central role in modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and as a modulator of mast cells and microglia (the immune cells of the central nervous system), reducing the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive mediators that amplify pain and chronic inflammation. This mechanism of action through PPAR-α distinguishes PEA from conventional NSAIDs (which inhibit COX-1 and COX-2) and cannabinoids (which act on CB1 and CB2 receptors), giving it an exceptional safety and tolerability profile without the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or psychoactive side effects associated with these other approaches.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltramicronization for maximum bioavailability: particle size of 0.8 to 6 µm:\u003c\/strong\u003e PEA is a lipid molecule with a high octanol\/water partition coefficient (high logP) and low aqueous solubility, which results in very variable and limited gastrointestinal absorption when administered in conventional crystalline form. Ultramicronization, which reduces particle size to 0.8 to 6 µm (micrometers), dramatically increases the contact surface with gastrointestinal fluid, improving effective solubility and intestinal absorption rate. Pharmacokinetic studies show that ultramicronized PEA has significantly higher plasma bioavailability than conventional PEA at the same dose, making the micronized form much more effective per gram of product ingested. The dose of 1200 mg\/day of ultramicronized PEA from HSN is the dose used in clinical studies that document the most consistent effects in modulating neuropathic and inflammatory pain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowing evidence base: more than 70 to 80 clinical studies published per year since 2012:\u003c\/strong\u003e PEA was discovered in 1957 and identified in mammalian tissues in 1965, but the explosion of scientific interest has occurred in recent decades. Since 2012, 70 to 80 clinical studies on PEA are published annually, making it one of the fastest-growing compounds in research in the fields of nutrition and neuroscience. Areas with the strongest evidence base include: chronic neuropathic pain (including diabetic neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, and post-herpetic neuralgia), chronic inflammatory pain (including osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia), neurological and neurodegenerative conditions, and support for muscle and joint recovery in athletes. Published meta-analyses document consistent reductions in pain scores across multiple chronic pain models with PEA doses between 300 and 1200 mg\/day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModulation of neuropathic and inflammatory pain without significant adverse effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e PEA has an exceptional safety profile, with no significant adverse effects documented in studies of continuous use for up to 12 months, no potential for dependence, no known significant pharmacological interactions, and none of the gastrointestinal risks of NSAIDs or the cardiovascular risks of corticosteroids. This safety makes PEA especially relevant for populations vulnerable to the adverse effects of conventional analgesics, including older adults with kidney or gastrointestinal disease, athletes who wish to avoid the health risks of chronic NSAID use, and people with neuropathic pain where NSAIDs are ineffective.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for joint and muscle recovery in athletes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Intensive use of muscles and joints in high-intensity training causes localized micro-inflammation, which is the normal physiological sign of the adaptation and recovery process. PEA, through its modulating action on mast cells and the local inflammatory response, can contribute to a more efficient resolution of this post-exercise inflammatory process, reducing recovery time and joint and muscle discomfort between training sessions. Its use is especially relevant for athletes with chronic low-grade joint inflammation associated with overuse or high-intensity training.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant-sourced PEA: vegan, exclusive, and more sustainable:\u003c\/strong\u003e PEA is typically extracted from animal sources (egg yolk, animal tissues), with plant-sourced PEA being rare and more complex and expensive to produce. HSN chooses to use exclusively plant-derived PEA, making the product suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets and for all users who, for ethical, religious, or preference reasons, avoid animal products. This choice differentiates HSN's PEA \u0026 Mag from most PEA supplements available on the market.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium Citrate for synergistic nervous system support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Magnesium (via Magnesium Citrate, one of the forms with the highest bioavailability) complements the action of PEA in supporting the central and peripheral nervous system. As recognized by the EFSA, Magnesium has been shown to contribute to the normal functioning of the nervous system, the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, normal muscle function, and the maintenance of normal bones. Magnesium also plays a specific role in modulating pain transmission at the CNS level, acting as a natural antagonist of the NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor, the main glutamatergic receptor involved in central sensitization of chronic pain. This action complements and potentiates the anti-nociceptive mechanisms of PEA, justifying the synergistic combination of the two molecules in a unique formula.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take the dose indicated on the package (typically 2 to 4 capsules per day) with meals. Taking it with fat-containing foods improves PEA absorption, as its lipid nature benefits from the presence of dietary fat in the intestine for incorporation into absorption micelles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of treatment:\u003c\/strong\u003e The effects of PEA are cumulative and typically require 4 to 12 weeks of continuous use for clinically noticeable results in chronic pain conditions. For sports recovery support, effects may be noticeable more quickly (1 to 4 weeks).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic combinations:\u003c\/strong\u003e For more comprehensive joint support, combine with HSN's Joint Health Collagen Powder (which includes Chondroitin, Glucosamine, MSM, and Boswellia) or with Omega-3 (which has complementary anti-inflammatory properties through the resolvin and protectin pathway).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356054875,"sku":null,"price":39.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-PEA_MAG_MICRONIZEDPALMITOYLTANOLAMIDE_MAGNESIUM.webp?v=1777501805"},{"product_id":"product_c89365d5-107c-463b-9749-6c183d24f959","title":"HSN - ASU | 120 capsules","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries ASU (Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables) 300 mg is a dietary supplement in vegetable capsules based on a concentrated and standardized extract of the unsaponifiable fraction of avocado (Persea americana) and soybean (Glycine max) oils in a clinical 1:2 ratio, standardized to 30% phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol). Unsaponifiables are the minor fraction of vegetable oils that do not form soap when reacted with a base (they are non-saponifiable), concentrating compounds of high functional interest such as phytosterols, triterpene alcohols, and tocopherols, which are virtually absent in other lipid fractions of the oils. HSN offers ASU in an innovative powder formulation encapsulated in HPMC vegetable capsules, without gelatine, added oils, or unnecessary additives, as a clean label and vegan alternative to the conventional oil-based softgel format. Each capsule provides 300 mg of ASU with 30% guaranteed phytosterols. 1 capsule per day. Vegan, allergen-free, and GMO-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eASU: the unsaponifiable fraction of avocado and soy with extensive clinical evidence in osteoarthritis:\u003c\/strong\u003e Avocado Soybean Unsaponifiables (ASU) are one of the natural compounds with the strongest clinical evidence base from randomized controlled trials for joint health support, especially in knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA). The product was initially marketed in France as a classified medicine (Piascledine®) and has been the subject of several phase III clinical trials. Ernst's systematic review (2003) and Christensen et al.'s meta-analysis (2008) document that ASU at 300 mg\/day produces clinically significant improvements in pain and joint function scores in OA patients compared to placebo. Simental-Mendía et al.'s meta-analysis (2019) confirms these results, including additional studies published after the 2008 meta-analysis. The 1:2 avocado\/soy ratio used in HSN's formulation is the exact ratio tested in the reference clinical studies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultifactorial mechanism of action on articular cartilage:\u003c\/strong\u003e The mechanism of action of ASU in osteoarthritis is multifactorial and acts on several aspects of the pathophysiology of cartilage degradation. Studies by Henrotin et al. (2003) on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes document that ASU increases the synthesis of aggrecan (the main proteoglycan of articular cartilage responsible for water retention and compression resistance), inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-13, also known as stromelysin and collagenase) which are the enzymes responsible for the degradation of collagen and proteoglycans in cartilage, and reduces the production of inflammatory and catabolic mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and prostaglandins E2. This combination of stimulating the synthesis of structural components of cartilage with inhibiting the catabolic and inflammatory pathways that degrade it positions ASU as a compound with potential disease-modifying effects (Disease-Modifying OA Drug, DMOAD), in addition to the symptomatic effect of pain reduction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytosterols standardized to 30%: beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol as key bioactive compounds:\u003c\/strong\u003e Standardization to 30% phytosterols ensures that each 300 mg HSN ASU capsule provides 90 mg of total phytosterols, mainly beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol, the main phytosterols represented in the unsaponifiable fraction of avocado and soy. Phytosterols have a chemical structure analogous to cholesterol, with which they compete for intestinal absorption, and have documented anti-inflammatory properties that are considered responsible for part of ASU's functional effect in modulating the articular inflammatory response. Standardization to 30% guarantees batch-to-batch consistency in the active composition of the product, unlike unstandardized extracts where the concentration of phytosterols can vary significantly.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduced need for NSAIDs in osteoarthritis patients:\u003c\/strong\u003e One of the most clinically relevant results of ASU clinical trials is the reduction in the necessary dose of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and dicofenac) for joint pain control. Blotman et al.'s study (1997) documented that OA patients taking ASU 300 mg\/day for 45 days reduced the necessary diclofenac dose from ~150 mg to ~50 mg\/day, compared to a much smaller reduction in the placebo group (~130 to ~80 mg\/day). This NSAID-sparing property is especially relevant given the adverse effect profile of NSAIDs in chronic use (gastric ulcer, kidney injury, cardiovascular risk), making ASU a joint support strategy that can reduce exposure to these risks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInnovative encapsulated powder format: the clean label and vegan alternative to conventional softgel:\u003c\/strong\u003e The vast majority of ASU supplements available on the market are formulated in oil-based softgels (typically sunflower or soybean oil as a lipid vehicle), with an animal gelatine capsule. This format has several limitations: it is not suitable for vegan diets (animal gelatine), has limited oxidative stability (vehicle oils can rancify), and often contains soy allergens in the oily vehicle. HSN develops its ASU in a completely different format: encapsulated powder in an HPMC vegetable capsule, without gelatine, added oils, or allergens, making it suitable for vegans and vegetarians and with much greater oxidative stability. This clean label formulation is technically more demanding but results in a product of purer and more transparent composition.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocumented safety and well-tolerated in prolonged use:\u003c\/strong\u003e ASU has an exceptional safety profile, with clinical studies lasting up to 3 years showing no evidence of adverse effects significantly different from placebo. There are no associated gastrointestinal adverse effects (unlike NSAIDs and corticosteroids), no documented hepatotoxicity, and no known significant drug interactions. This safety makes ASU suitable for continued long-term use, which is the most relevant clinical context given the chronic and progressive nature of osteoarthritis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day, preferably with a meal containing fat. The presence of dietary fat in the meal facilitates the absorption of the fat-soluble compounds of the unsaponifiable fraction, optimizing the bioavailability of phytosterols and other active compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration and consistency:\u003c\/strong\u003e The effects of ASU are gradual, typically requiring 2 to 3 months of continuous use for the symptomatic effects of pain reduction and improvement in joint function to become clinically noticeable. Continued long-term use is the model documented in longer-duration studies, with benefits that tend to persist after treatment cessation (a 2-month carry-over effect documented in the study by Maheu et al., 1998).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic combinations for comprehensive joint support:\u003c\/strong\u003e For a multi-ingredient joint health protocol, ASU can be combined with HSN's Joint Health Collagen Powder (which includes Glucosamine, Chondroitin, MSM, and Boswellia serrata), with PEA \u0026 Mag (for additional modulation of neuropathic and inflammatory pain), and with Amix Super Omega 3 (EPA\/DHA for inflammation resolution). Each of these ingredients acts on complementary pathways of joint health, enhancing the overall benefit.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356087643,"sku":null,"price":15.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-ASU_AVOCADOSOYBEANUNSAPONIFIABLES_300mg.webp?v=1777498737"},{"product_id":"product_793be5c3-6e33-473a-a432-84b5e566a6ab","title":"HSN - ROUTINE | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Rutin 500 mg is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on naturally sourced rutin, extracted from the flower buds of Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree), with an 8:1 extraction ratio and standardized to 98% pure rutin. Rutin is a flavonol (bioflavonoid) present in various fruits, vegetables, and plants, with the flower buds of Sophora japonica before blooming being the natural source with the highest known rutin density, making this plant the raw material of choice for supplementation with this compound. The formula is enriched with Magnesium Citrate (highly bioavailable) and Selenium (L-selenomethionine), two micronutrients with antioxidant properties and nervous system support complementary to those of rutin. Each capsule provides 500 mg of 98% rutin, equivalent to ~8163 mg of Sophora japonica bud extract. Dosage: 1 capsule 1 to 2 times a day with meals (500 to 1000 mg of rutin\/day). Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRutin: the Sophora japonica flavonol with antioxidant, vascular, and anti-inflammatory properties:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rutin (also called rutoside or quercetin 3-O-rutinoside) is a glycoside flavonol formed by the union of quercetin with the disaccharide rutinose. It is one of the most studied bioflavonoids in scientific literature, with documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, venoprotective, and anticoagulant properties. Rutin belongs to the flavonol family, the same subfamily as quercetin, with which it shares the structural core and many of its biological properties, being the most abundant natural quercetin glycoside in plants. Sophora japonica is the natural source with the highest concentration of rutin available, especially in closed flower buds before blooming, where rutin serves as an energy reserve compound for the flowering process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtection and reinforcement of capillary and vascular integrity:\u003c\/strong\u003e The most classic and documented property of rutin is its role in strengthening the integrity of blood capillary walls. Rutin inhibits hyaluronidase, the enzyme that degrades hyaluronic acid, which is part of the extracellular matrix of capillary vessels, contributing to the maintenance of mechanical resistance and selective impermeability of capillary walls. This action results in reduced capillary fragility, lower permeability to water and plasma proteins (reducing edema), and lower susceptibility to bruise formation from minor trauma. These properties are especially relevant for people with capillary fragility, easy bruising, chronic venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoidal problems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirect antioxidant activity and cellular protection against oxidative stress:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rutin is a potent free radical scavenger antioxidant, capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), chelating transition metal ions (such as iron and copper) that catalyze oxidative Fenton reactions, and activating endogenous antioxidant defense pathways (Nrf2). Its antioxidant activity is amplified in vivo by conjugation with quercetin (which is the product of rutin deglycosidation by intestinal microbiota), as both molecules have complementary antioxidant activity. Studies document that rutin supplementation increases plasma markers of total antioxidant capacity and reduces markers of lipid peroxidation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModulation of inflammation and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rutin has documented anti-inflammatory properties in multiple experimental models, acting on the inhibition of inflammatory enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX), the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), and the modulation of the nuclear factor NF-κB. Clinical and preclinical studies document that rutin in combination with other flavonoids (such as in the diosmin-hesperidin flavonoid mixture) is effective and safe for controlling bleeding associated with hemorrhoids, with patient satisfaction significantly higher than the placebo group.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInhibition of platelet aggregation and circulation support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Rutin interferes with platelet activation through the inhibition of enzymes such as phosphodiesterase and protein kinase C, and by complexing calcium ions which are necessary for platelet activation signaling. This antiplatelet property is relevant for maintaining fluid blood circulation in contexts of high thromboembolic risk, although it should be used with caution in people already taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium Citrate for fatigue reduction and nervous system support:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Magnesium Citrate included in the formula provides 77.5 mg of elemental magnesium per daily dose, in one of the forms with the highest bioavailability. As recognized by the EFSA, Magnesium demonstrably contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, to the normal functioning of the nervous and muscular system, and to the maintenance of normal bones. In the context of vascular and circulatory support, magnesium is especially relevant given its role in the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and the regulation of blood pressure.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelenium (L-selenomethionine) for cellular antioxidant protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-selenomethionine (the organic form of Selenium with the highest bioavailability) is an essential cofactor of glutathione peroxidase, the antioxidant enzyme that uses glutathione to neutralize lipid and hydrogen peroxides. As recognized by the EFSA, Selenium demonstrably contributes to the protection of cells against oxidative stress, synergistically complementing the direct antioxidant activity of rutin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8:1 extract standardized to 98% Sophora japonica flower bud: the highest concentration available:\u003c\/strong\u003e The choice of Sophora japonica flower buds before opening is crucial for the quality of the extract, as this stage of plant development concentrates the highest density of rutin. The 8:1 extraction ratio and standardization to 98% rutin ensure that each 500 mg capsule provides an equivalent of ~8163 mg of native flower bud, with 98% of the capsule content being pure rutin, without dilution by other plant phytochemicals. This purity and concentration clearly distinguish this product from conventional rutin extracts with lower standardization and less source specificity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule 1 to 2 times a day with meals. The dose of 1000 mg\/day (2 capsules) is the dose used in most clinical studies for vascular and anti-inflammatory support. For use as a maintenance antioxidant, 500 mg\/day (1 capsule) may be sufficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTiming:\u003c\/strong\u003e Taking with meals improves gastrointestinal tolerance and may improve absorption, as the presence of food stimulates gastrointestinal transit and the activity of digestive enzymes that process glycosylated flavonoids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergistic combinations:\u003c\/strong\u003e For more comprehensive vascular support, combine with HSN's Vitamin C 1000 mg (which has complementary vascular strengthening properties and regenerates oxidized rutin). For a more complete bioflavonoid profile, HSN's Citrus Bioflavonoids Complex combines rutin with quercetin, citrus bioflavonoids, and Vitamin C in a single formula.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356120411,"sku":null,"price":18.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-RUTIN_500mg.webp?v=1777503624"},{"product_id":"product_64338849-00bf-4764-9607-0f17d4944273","title":"HSN - SUSTAINED-RELEASE CAFFEINE (CaffXtend) | 400mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCaffeine Slow Release from HSN's EssentialSeries line is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on CaffXtend®, Inventia Healthcare Ltd.'s granulated slow-release caffeine raw material, supplemented with pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) and Vitamin B6. CaffXtend® is a patented granulation system that encapsulates natural anhydrous caffeine extracted from Coffea robusta beans in a modified-release matrix, completely altering caffeine's pharmacokinetic profile: while conventional immediate-release caffeine releases over 95% of its content within the first 5 minutes, CaffXtend® releases caffeine gradually and sustainedly over more than 12 hours, as documented by Inventia in comparative pharmacokinetic studies. CaffXtend® contains 50% pure caffeine by mass (the remaining 50% being the granulation matrix that provides the modified release): each capsule provides 400 mg of CaffXtend® = 200 mg of pure slow-release caffeine. 1 capsule per day, preferably in the morning. Vegan, gluten-free, GMO-free, allergen-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCaffXtend®: Inventia Healthcare's patented slow-release technology that transforms caffeine's pharmacokinetic profile:\u003c\/strong\u003e Conventional caffeine (anhydrous or natural immediate-release) has very rapid absorption pharmacokinetics, with plasma peak (Cmax) typically reached 30 to 60 minutes after ingestion, followed by a more gradual decline over 3 to 5 hours (caffeine plasma half-life of ~5 hours). This rapid peak-and-drop profile is suitable for short-term occasional use (1-2 hour workout, pre-workout), but has disadvantages for long-term use: the high peak often causes tremors, palpitations, and anxiety (especially in caffeine-sensitive individuals), and the abrupt drop in plasma concentrations 3 to 5 hours after intake is perceived as a \"caffeine crash\", with sudden fatigue and lack of concentration. CaffXtend® completely alters this profile through its granulation technology: caffeine is absorbed slowly over more than 12 hours, without a high peak and without an abrupt drop, resulting in a smoother, more sustained effect without the typical crash.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDirect clinical comparison: CaffXtend® vs immediate-release caffeine:\u003c\/strong\u003e The study by Thanawala et al. (2022), published in the Journal of Dietary Supplements, directly compared the bioavailability and effects on mental functions of CaffXtend® vs immediate-release caffeine in an open-label, randomized, crossover, single-dose trial in humans. The results document that slow-release caffeine (CaffXtend®) produced superior cognitive effects (alertness, concentration) from 4 to 8 hours after intake compared to immediate-release caffeine, whose cognitive effects had declined during that period. Immediate-release caffeine produced more intense effects in the first 1 to 2 hours, but with a rapid subsequent decline. This profile clearly favors CaffXtend® for uses requiring sustained alertness and concentration over 6 to 12 hours, such as prolonged workdays or long study sessions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200 mg of pure slow-release caffeine: the effective dose for alertness and concentration without excessive side effects:\u003c\/strong\u003e The 200 mg of pure caffeine per capsule represents the central dose used in most clinical studies of caffeine for cognitive and alertness effects, and is within the safety range established by EFSA (up to 400 mg\/day in healthy adults). Because it is slow-release, the 200 mg of caffeine in CaffXtend® produces much lower maximum plasma concentrations than 200 mg of immediate-release caffeine, which significantly reduces adverse effects related to high plasma peaks (tremors, tachycardia, anxiety) while maintaining the stimulating and focusing effect throughout the day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePantothenic Acid (B5) for normal intellectual performance and neurotransmitter synthesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e The pantothenic acid included in the formula has EFSA-approved health claims especially relevant in the context of a cognitive support product: it is proven to contribute to normal intellectual performance, normal energy metabolism, and the normal synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones, Vitamin D, and some neurotransmitters (especially acetylcholine, via acetyl-CoA synthesis which is the cofactor of choline acetyltransferase). This action of supporting neurotransmitter synthesis complements caffeine's stimulating effect at the level of cholinergic transmission, which is especially important for working memory and attention.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin B6 for fatigue reduction, energy metabolism, and nervous system function:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride) is a cofactor for more than 100 enzymes involved in amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism, with EFSA-approved health claims for: reduction of tiredness and fatigue, normal energy metabolism, and normal functioning of the nervous system. In the context of a slow-release cognitive support product, the inclusion of Vitamin B6 complements caffeine's stimulating effect with metabolic support for neuronal function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLabeling transparency: 400 mg of CaffXtend® ≠ 400 mg of pure caffeine:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN warns of a common misleading practice in the market: some manufacturers declare \"Caffeine (CaffXtend®) 400 mg\", leading the consumer to think they are receiving 400 mg of pure caffeine, when in reality CaffXtend® has only 50% caffeine by mass (the other 50% being the modified-release granulation matrix) and therefore 400 mg of CaffXtend® = 200 mg of pure caffeine. HSN declares with full transparency: 400 mg of CaffXtend® (50% pure caffeine) = 200 mg of pure slow-release caffeine, allowing the consumer to correctly compare the actual caffeine content with other products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUsage profile: study, work, and long-duration endurance sports:\u003c\/strong\u003e CaffXtend®'s slow-release profile makes it particularly suitable for three usage contexts. For students in long study sessions (4 to 8 hours), maintaining concentration and alertness throughout the entire period without a crash is the main benefit. For workers in long or cognitively demanding shifts, the same profile of maintaining alertness without an excessive initial peak or crash is crucial. For long-duration endurance athletes (ultramarathon, long-distance cycling, long-distance triathlon), the slow release ensures continuous caffeine availability throughout the event without the need for re-dosing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day, preferably in the morning with or without food. Given the caffeine release over up to 12 hours, it is recommended to take it early to minimize impact on night sleep.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTiming for different uses:\u003c\/strong\u003e For study or work: take upon waking or at the start of the workday\/study session. For long-duration endurance sports: take 30 to 60 minutes before starting the activity. Do not take after 2:00 PM to minimize the risk of interfering with night sleep, as the release extends for 12 hours.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356218715,"sku":null,"price":24.45,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-CAFEINADELIBERTACAOPROLONGADA_CaffXtend.png?v=1776805092"},{"product_id":"product_11a449c5-8270-4c7d-9235-790372715d7b","title":"Life Pro - DIGEZYME | 120 capsules (200mg)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLife Pro Nutrition's DigeZyme is a digestive enzyme supplement in vegetable capsules, based on the patented multienzyme complex \u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme®\u003c\/strong\u003e (Sabinsa Corporation, USA\/India), with 200 mg per capsule. DigeZyme® is a blend of 5 digestive enzymes of microbial origin obtained by controlled fermentation with specific fungi, each specialized in digesting a different macronutrient class: alpha-amylase (carbohydrates and starches), protease (proteins), lipase (fats), lactase (lactose), and cellulase (vegetable fibers). Unlike digestive enzymes of animal origin (such as bovine\/porcine pancreatin, often used in conventional digestive enzyme supplements), all DigeZyme® enzymes are of microbial origin, making the product suitable for vegans. 1 capsule per day with one of the main meals. 120 capsules (4 months of supplementation). Vegan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme®: Sabinsa's patented multienzyme complex with 5 full-spectrum digestive enzymes:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDigeZyme® is the patented digestive enzyme formulation developed by Sabinsa Corporation (the same company responsible for BioPerine®, the patented piperine found in Life Pro's Curcumin + Bioperine product), produced by fermentation of non-pathogenic fungi under GMP conditions. The differentiator of DigeZyme® compared to generic digestive enzymes is the specific combination of 5 enzymes with a complementary substrate spectrum, covering all major macronutrient classes and food components, with enzymatic activities (expressed in units per capsule) calibrated to be effective under the physiological conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract (acidic gastric pH and neutral to alkaline intestinal pH). DigeZyme® enzymes are specifically resistant to denaturation by gastric proteases and inactivation by gastric hydrochloric acid, which is a critical technical advantage for enzymes of microbial origin compared to animal enzymes (which are equally sensitive to acidic pH but have an optimal activity temperature closer to body temperature).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlpha-amylase (4800 U\/capsule, from Aspergillus oryzae): digestion of complex carbohydrates and starches:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eAlpha-amylase is the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing the alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds of starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen, and other polysaccharides, converting them into oligosaccharides and maltose which are subsequently hydrolyzed by intestinal mucosal disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase, isomaltase) into absorbable glucose. Salivary and pancreatic alpha-amylase are the endogenous enzymes that normally perform this function; microbial alpha-amylase from DigeZyme® complements endogenous digestive capacity, being especially relevant in: people with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (which affects pancreatic amylase production), people who consume large volumes of complex carbohydrates (such as strength and endurance athletes with starch-rich diets), and people who experience bloating, distension, and abdominal discomfort after meals rich in incompletely digested carbohydrates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtease (1200 U\/capsule, from Aspergillus oryzae): optimization of protein digestion and amino acid bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDigeZyme® protease is a blend of fungal-derived endopeptidases and exopeptidases that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in dietary proteins, progressively converting them into short-chain peptides and absorbable free amino acids. Protein digestion normally involves gastric pepsin (which initiates protein hydrolysis at the acidic pH of the stomach) followed by pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase) in the small intestine; DigeZyme® fungal protease has activity over multiple pH ranges (including acidic and neutral pH), complementing and accelerating protein digestion throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. This property is especially relevant for athletes who consume large amounts of protein (especially slower-absorbing protein like casein, pea protein, and soy protein) and for people with hypochlorhydria (low production of gastric hydrochloric acid, a condition prevalent after age 50 and in chronic users of proton pump inhibitors).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLipase (200 U\/capsule, from Rhizopus oryzae): fat digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLipase is the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing triglycerides (the predominant dietary fats) into free fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are the products that enter lipid micelles for intestinal absorption. Endogenous pancreatic lipase is produced by the pancreas and secreted into the duodenum; DigeZyme® fungal lipase (from Rhizopus oryzae) has activity over a broader pH range than pancreatic lipase, being functional in both the stomach (pH 2 to 4) and the small intestine (pH 6 to 8). More effective fat digestion has a direct impact not only on the absorption of fatty acids themselves but also on the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) which depend on lipid micelles formed by fat digestion products to be absorbed. People who consume fat-soluble vitamin supplements (such as Vitamin D3, Vitamin E, or Omega-3) indirectly benefit from DigeZyme® lipase, which optimizes the formation of the lipid micelles necessary for the absorption of these compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLactase (800 U\/capsule): the key enzyme for people with lactose intolerance or sensitivity:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLactase (beta-galactosidase) is the enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose (milk disaccharide) into glucose and galactose, the absorbable monosaccharides. Endogenous lactase production by the small intestinal mucosa progressively decreases after weaning in most of the adult human population, especially in populations of African, Asian, and South American origin (adult hypolactasia, the most common genetically determined form of lactose intolerance). When undigested lactose reaches the colon, it is fermented by the intestinal microbiota with the production of gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane) and short-chain fatty acids, causing flatulence, borborygmi, distension, and osmotic diarrhea. DigeZyme® lactase pre-hydrolyzes lactose in the small intestine, eliminating or significantly reducing these symptoms in people with lactose sensitivity, and is especially relevant in the context of sports protein supplementation where whey protein concentrates (WPC) contain amounts of lactose that can be problematic.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCellulase (40 U\/capsule, from Trichoderma longibrachiatum): digestion of indigestible vegetable fibers:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCellulase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes cellulose (the main component of plant cell walls) into glucose. The human body does not produce cellulase endogenously, so the cellulose in plant cell walls is normally not digested and passes intact into the colon, where it is fermented by the microbiota. DigeZyme® cellulase helps break down the cell walls of plant foods, releasing intracellular nutrients (including proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals) that are encapsulated within plant cells. In diets rich in raw vegetables and plant-based foods, cellulase improves the bioavailability of plant nutrients and reduces excessive cellulose fermentation in the colon that can contribute to flatulence and digestive discomfort.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDigeZyme® as a functional excipient in sports proteins: the industry standard for premium protein supplements:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDigeZyme® is also one of the most widely used functional excipients in premium sports proteins, being the enzymatic complex present in Dirty Squads proteins (ISO 90X and ISO 80X) sold at Brothers Club. The inclusion of DigeZyme® in proteins serves precisely to optimize the digestion of concentrated\/isolated whey proteins, which in doses of 25 to 30 g can overload the endogenous proteolytic digestive capacity of some people, especially when consumed rapidly post-workout. Life Pro's DigeZyme® supplement allows the user to supplement independently with the same enzymatic complex, without being limited to proteins that already include it in their formula.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day with one of the main meals. It should be taken immediately before or during the meal (not after) so that the enzymes are present in the gastrointestinal tract simultaneously with the food to be digested. For especially abundant meals or meals rich in difficult-to-digest foods (large amounts of animal proteins, dairy products, meals rich in fat or vegetable fiber), efficacy is maximized when the capsule is taken at the beginning of the meal.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Life Pro","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356251483,"sku":null,"price":16.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/LifePro-Digezyme200mg120Vcaps.png?v=1777504347"},{"product_id":"product_ff9977d8-d12a-49f3-87b8-87b52a808c36","title":"HSN - CHOLESTEROL CARE | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Cholesterol Care is an exclusive broad-spectrum formula developed by HSN's Research and Development department specifically for supporting blood cholesterol control, combining 11 active compounds in vegan capsules without aesthetic additives. The formula includes two patented ingredients (Vegapure® and BioPerine®), five highly concentrated and standardised plant extracts (Amla, Berberis aristata, Milk Thistle, Red Yeast Rice, Black Pepper), microencapsulated Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis, Coenzyme Q10, Policosanol from sugarcane, and two B vitamins (B1 and B12 methylcobalamin). The combination of these compounds covers multiple molecular pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular health, in a complementary and synergistic way. Dosage: 2 vegan capsules twice a day before meals (4 capsules\/day). Vegan, non-GMO, no aesthetic additives or colourings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegapure® Phytosterols (800 mg\/day, 73.5% beta-sitosterol): the EFSA-approved health claim for normal blood cholesterol maintenance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Phytosterols (plant sterols) are compounds structurally analogous to cholesterol found in animals, but derived from plants (soy, rapeseed, pine). The EFSA has approved the health claim: phytosterols and phytostanols contribute to the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels, with the beneficial effect obtained with a minimum daily intake of 0.8 g. Cholesterol Care provides exactly this effective dose of 800 mg of phytosterols per day. The mechanism of action is competitive: phytosterols have a very similar structure to cholesterol and compete with it for incorporation into absorption micelles in the small intestine, reducing the amount of cholesterol (both dietary and bile-derived) that is absorbed into the bloodstream. Vegapure® is BASF's phytosterol raw material, internationally recognised for its quality and its high standardised content of beta-sitosterol (73.5%), the phytosterol with the greatest evidence base for reducing LDL cholesterol.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRed Yeast Rice (Monacolin K): a natural mechanism analogous to statins:\u003c\/strong\u003e Red yeast rice is produced by fermenting rice (Oryza sativa) with the fungus Monascus purpureus, which naturally produces a group of compounds called monacolins. Monacolin K, the most relevant compound, has a chemical structure identical to lovastatin (a statin class drug) and acts by the same mechanism: competitive inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, which is the rate-limiting step in the endogenous cholesterol synthesis pathway in the liver. By inhibiting this enzyme, Monacolin K reduces hepatic cholesterol production, which stimulates the liver to increase the expression of LDL receptors on the surface of hepatocytes, resulting in increased uptake of LDL from circulation and a consequent reduction in plasma LDL-cholesterol levels. The EFSA has approved the health claim: Monacolin K from red yeast rice contributes to maintaining normal blood cholesterol levels, with the beneficial effect obtained with a daily intake of 10 mg of Monacolin K. The Cholesterol Care formula is standardised to 3.75% Monacolin K in the red rice extract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoenzyme Q10: essential muscle and cardiovascular protection with Monacolin K:\u003c\/strong\u003e Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubiquinone) is an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, being fundamental for ATP production in all body cells, with a particular concentration in heart muscle and skeletal muscles. The inclusion of CoQ10 in the Cholesterol Care formula is especially relevant given that Monacolin K, by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, also inhibits the mevalonate synthesis pathway, which is a common precursor for both cholesterol and endogenous CoQ10. Supplementation with CoQ10 when using Monacolin K or statins is a widely recommended practice to compensate for CoQ10 depletion that can result from the inhibition of this pathway, especially to prevent myopathies (muscle pain) frequently associated with statin use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBerberis aristata (Berberine 97%, 100:1): mechanism complementary to Monacolin K via AMPK and PCSK9:\u003c\/strong\u003e Berberis aristata bark extract standardised to 97% berberine HCl has complementary and distinct mechanisms of action to Monacolin K for LDL cholesterol reduction. Berberine activates the enzyme AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), which promotes the expression of LDL receptors in hepatocytes (increasing LDL uptake from circulation), and inhibits PCSK9 (Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin\/Kexin Type 9), the protease that degrades LDL receptors on the surface of hepatocytes. PCSK9 inhibition is the same mechanism of action as the newest monoclonal antibodies for cholesterol (evolocumab, alirocumab). The combination of Monacolin K (HMG-CoA reductase inhibition) with Berberine (AMPK activation and PCSK9 inhibition) results in coverage of three of the main molecular pathways of LDL regulation in a single product.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegapure® Phytosterols + Milk Thistle + Amla: complementary liver and antioxidant protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) extract with 80% silymarin has documented hepatoprotective properties, with mechanisms that protect hepatocytes against oxidative damage, hepatic anti-inflammatory effects, and support for hepatic cell regeneration. Since the liver is the central organ of cholesterol metabolism, liver health is directly relevant to cholesterol regulation. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica, 60% hydrolysable tannins) extract is a broad-spectrum natural antioxidant with documented cardiovascular protective properties, inhibition of LDL oxidation (which is the critical step in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques), and modulation of lipid metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroencapsulated Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: cardiovascular antioxidant and anti-inflammatory:\u003c\/strong\u003e Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis is a carotenoid with antioxidant properties far superior to most dietary antioxidants, with studies documenting antioxidant activity up to 6000 times greater than Vitamin C and 100 times greater than Vitamin E. In the cardiovascular context, astaxanthin has documented properties of inhibiting LDL oxidation (reducing the formation of oxidized LDL, which is the main trigger of atherosclerotic inflammation), modulating inflammatory cytokines, and improving endothelial function. The microencapsulation used in the formula protects astaxanthin (a very unstable fat-soluble carotenoid) from oxidation during storage, ensuring the potency declared on the label until the end of the shelf life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSugarcane Policosanol: additional support for cholesterol metabolism via AMPK:\u003c\/strong\u003e Policosanol, extracted from sugarcane wax (Saccharum officinarum), is a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (mainly octacosanol) with properties supporting cholesterol metabolism via AMPK activation, similar to berberine but through distinct molecular mechanisms. Clinical studies with sugarcane policosanol document modest reductions in LDL-cholesterol and possible effects of increasing HDL-cholesterol.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioPerine® (piperine 98.5%) to increase the bioavailability of all compounds:\u003c\/strong\u003e Piperine (Piper nigrum extract) patented by Sabinsa Corporation under the name BioPerine® is an inhibitor of phase I (CYP3A4, CYP1A2) and phase II (UGT) metabolising enzymes that are responsible for the metabolism and elimination of many bioactive plant compounds, such as berberine, silymarin, and other phytochemicals in Cholesterol Care. By inhibiting these first-pass enzymes, BioPerine® increases the oral bioavailability of all compounds with which it is co-administered, maximising the efficacy of each ingredient in the formula.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin B1 and Vitamin B12 methylcobalamin for cardiovascular health:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B1 (thiamine) contributes to normal heart function. Vitamin B12 methylcobalamin (the active and most bioavailable form of cobalamin) contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism, reducing plasma homocysteine levels, an amino acid that, in high concentrations, is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 2 vegan capsules twice a day before main meals (total: 4 capsules\/day). Taking them before meals is especially relevant for phytosterols, which exert their cholesterol absorption-reducing effect directly on the subsequent meal.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356284251,"sku":null,"price":34.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-CHOLESTEROLCARE.webp?v=1777498803"},{"product_id":"product_bae28d2c-3a75-4e63-99f8-8ff46f043e35","title":"HSN - PROSTA CARE | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eProsta Care from HSN's EssentialSeries is a unique formula developed by HSN specifically for prostate health support in men, combining eight carefully selected active compounds in vegetable capsules without aesthetic additives or colorants. The formula focuses on a dual core of two highly concentrated plant extracts with a long tradition of use in supporting prostate health: Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens, 45% fatty acids) and Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita pepo, 1.5% enterodiol + 0.1% adenosine), then expanding coverage with broccoli extract (40% I3C), high-purity phytosterols (73.5% beta-sitosterol), Pygeum africanum bark extract (15% phytosterols), stable guaranteed microencapsulated lycopene, Zinc (bisglycinate) and Selenium (L-selenomethionine). Product for men from middle age. Vegan, non-GMO, gluten-free, allergen-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaw Palmetto (Serenoa repens, 4:1, 45% fatty acids): the most studied plant extract for prostate health support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Saw Palmetto (a dwarf palm from the southeastern US, Serenoa repens) is the plant extract with the strongest clinical evidence base for prostate health support, with decades of research and multiple controlled clinical trials. The primary mechanism of action of Saw Palmetto fatty acids is the inhibition of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, which converts testosterone into its more potent form, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT is the main androgen responsible for prostate growth and the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). By inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to DHT, Saw Palmetto fatty acids can help moderate prostate growth and alleviate urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate. The 4:1 extract standardized to 45% fatty acids ensures a concentration of bioactive compounds four times higher than that of the native berry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePumpkin Seed Extract (Cucurbita pepo, 20:1, 1.5% enterodiol + 0.1% adenosine): the ingredient with a health claim for the prostate:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo) has a specific health claim recognised by the EFSA: pumpkin seed contributes to maintaining normal prostate function, being the only ingredient in the formula with an EFSA health claim directly related to the prostate. The 20:1 extract concentrates the most relevant phytochemical compounds of the seed, namely enterodiol (a lignan phytoestrogen with hormonal modulating activity) and adenosine (a nucleoside with anti-inflammatory properties). The high concentration of the extract (20:1) guarantees a much higher intake than would be possible through the simple ingestion of pumpkin seeds in conventional food.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI3C from broccoli extract (30:1, 40% Indole-3-Carbinol): hormonal modulation and prostatic cell protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C), the most relevant glucosinolate compound from broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, has estrogen metabolism modulating properties that are especially relevant for prostate health. I3C promotes the conversion of estradiol (E2) via the 2-hydroxylation metabolic pathway (producing less active 2-hydroxyestradiol) over the 16-alpha-hydroxylation pathway (which produces 16-alpha-hydroxyestradiol, a metabolite with greater estrogenic activity that can stimulate prostate cell growth). This modulation of estrogen metabolism is the mechanism by which high consumption of cruciferous vegetables is epidemiologically associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer. The 30:1 broccoli extract standardized to 40% I3C guarantees a much higher dose of I3C than would be obtained through conventional dietary consumption of cruciferous vegetables.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytosterols (99%, 73.5% beta-sitosterol): support for urethral smooth muscle tone and prostate growth modulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Beta-sitosterol, the phytosterol with the highest representation in the formula (73.5%), has prostate health support properties independent of Saw Palmetto mechanisms, acting on urethral smooth muscle tone (reducing obstruction to urinary flow) and possibly on the modulation of prostate epithelial cell proliferation. Meta-analyses of clinical trials with beta-sitosterol in men with BPH document significant improvements in urinary symptom scores and post-void residual urine volume.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePygeum africanum (10:1, 15% phytosterols): prostatic anti-inflammatory of African origin:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pygeum africanum bark extract (African plum tree) is a second plant extract with a long tradition of use in supporting prostate health, complementing Saw Palmetto with partially distinct mechanisms of action. Pygeum africanum extract contains phytosterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol), triterpenic acids (ursolic acid, oleanolic acid) and phenolic acids (ferulic acid). Triterpenic acids have documented anti-inflammatory properties in the prostatic mucosa, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE2) and growth factors that stimulate prostatic proliferation. Clinical studies with Pygeum africanum extract document improvement of urinary symptoms in men with BPH, with reduction of residual urinary flow and improvement of sleep quality by reducing nocturia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroencapsulated lycopene (10% lycopene): high-potency prostatic antioxidant with guaranteed bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lycopene is the carotenoid with the highest natural concentration in the human prostate (much higher than in other tissues), where it functions as an antioxidant protecting against oxidative stress, which is one of the mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. Epidemiological studies document a robust inverse association between tomato consumption (the main dietary source of lycopene) and the risk of prostate cancer. The microencapsulation of lycopene in the Prosta Care formula is essential to guarantee its stability during storage, given that lycopene is a carotenoid very sensitive to oxidation, light, and heat, which degrades rapidly in conventional formulations without protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc (bisglycinate) and Selenium (L-selenomethionine): essential minerals for prostate health and antioxidant cell protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e The prostate is the organ in the human body with the highest concentration of Zinc, and this mineral is essential for multiple prostatic functions including the synthesis of citric acid (a marker of normal prostatic function) and the regulation of prostate cell growth. As recognised by EFSA, Selenium contributes to normal spermatogenesis and to the protection of cells from oxidative stress, being especially relevant in the protection of prostate cells. Zinc bisglycinate is one of the forms of Zinc with the highest bioavailability, while L-selenomethionine is the most stable and bioavailable organic form of Selenium.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Consult the product label for the exact daily dose. Take the capsules preferably with a meal to improve gastrointestinal tolerance and the absorption of fat-soluble compounds (lycopene, Saw Palmetto fatty acids, phytosterols). Prosta Care is designed for continuous long-term use, with prostate health support effects being most noticeable after 4 to 12 weeks of regular use.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356677467,"sku":null,"price":38.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-PROSTACARE.webp?v=1777502127"},{"product_id":"product_2c78bc31-accc-41e2-98aa-ad61aac7954c","title":"HSN - STRESS CARE | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eStress Care® from HSN's EssentialSeries line is an exclusive stress management support formula developed by HSN's R\u0026amp;D team, combining three highly concentrated and standardised plant extracts (Ashwagandha KSM-66®, Melissa officinalis, and Lavender) with L-Theanine from green tea and four B vitamins (B5, B6, B9, and B12) in additive-free vegetable capsules. The central compound of the formula is KSM-66®, the patented Ashwagandha raw material from Ixoreal Biomed Inc., internationally recognised for its patented extraction process exclusively from the root (without leaves or stems) with the highest concentration of withanolides commercially available. Stress Care® is part of HSN's \"Care\" product line, focused on specific solutions for the main health needs of adults in a modern Western lifestyle. Dosage: 2 capsules in the morning + 2 capsules at night (4 capsules\/day). 120 capsules = 30 days of supply. Vegan, non-GMO, gluten-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAshwagandha KSM-66® (12:1, 5% withanolides): the adaptogen with the most clinical evidence for stress management:\u003c\/strong\u003e Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a medicinal plant from the Indian Ayurvedic tradition with adaptogenic properties (compounds that increase the body's non-specific resistance to physical and psychological stress). KSM-66® is the Ashwagandha raw material with the highest number of published clinical studies, including the study by Chandrasekhar et al. (2012) published in the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that demonstrated that KSM-66® at 300 mg\/day for 60 days significantly reduced stress and anxiety scores (DASS scale), serum cortisol levels, and improved sleep quality and general well-being compared to placebo. The 12:1 extraction ratio standardised to 5% withanolides (the main bioactive compounds of Ashwagandha with adaptogenic activity) ensures a concentration 12 times higher than that of the native root. KSM-66® is extracted exclusively from the root of Withania somnifera (without leaves, stems, or other parts of the plant), which is relevant because the concentration of bioactive withanolides is maximal in the root and minimal in the aerial parts of the plant.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAshwagandha's adaptogenic mechanism: HPA axis modulation and cortisol reduction:\u003c\/strong\u003e The molecular mechanism by which Ashwagandha exerts its adaptogenic effects primarily involves the modulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, which is the central hormonal system for stress response. Ashwagandha's withanolides modulate cortisol secretion by the adrenal glands (reducing chronic hypercortisolemia associated with prolonged stress), activate GABA-A receptors in the central nervous system (producing an anxiolytic effect), and modulate the levels of heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp90) which are biomarkers of cellular stress. Additionally, withanolides have anti-inflammatory properties via NF-κB inhibition and modulate monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline), contributing to mood stabilisation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelissa officinalis extract (15:1, 7% rosmarinic acid): natural anxiolytic and psychological well-being support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) leaf extract standardised to 7% rosmarinic acid has documented anxiolytic and mood-supporting properties, with mechanisms of action that include inhibition of the GABA transaminase enzyme (increasing GABA availability in the central nervous system), modulation of the cholinergic system (via acetylcholinesterase inhibition), and cerebral antioxidant properties (via rosmarinic acid). Clinical studies with Melissa officinalis document a reduction in anxiety, irritability, and perceived stress, improved mood, and support for sleep quality in adults with low to moderate chronic stress. The 15:1 dose concentrates the bioactive compounds of the leaf to a level 15 times higher than that of the native plant, ensuring a therapeutically relevant dose in a controlled capsule volume.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-Theanine from green tea (Camellia sinensis): alert relaxation without sedation:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-Theanine is the main amino acid in green tea leaves, responsible for the quality of relaxed alertness associated with tea consumption (in contrast to the more anxiogenic stimulation of isolated caffeine). L-Theanine crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts directly on the central nervous system: it increases GABA, serotonin, and dopamine levels; induces the production of alpha brain waves (associated with a state of alert relaxation, similar to meditation, without drowsiness); and reduces cortisol levels in response to acute stressors. The combination of L-Theanine with Ashwagandha's slower and sustained adaptogenic effect creates a synergy of temporal coverage: L-Theanine has a faster effect (30 to 60 minutes) for acute stress or situational anxiety, while Ashwagandha has a more gradual effect (2 to 8 weeks) for chronic HPA axis modulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLavender powder extract (5:1, 22.5% linalyl acetate + 17.5% linalool): sleep support and irritability reduction:\u003c\/strong\u003e Lavender (Lavandula officinalis\/angustifolia) is recognised by European phytotherapeutic tradition for supporting mild anxiety, irritability, and sleep disorders. The main bioactive compounds are linalool and linalyl acetate, which have anxiolytic properties via modulation of GABA-A receptors and two-pore potassium channels. The powder formulation of lavender essential oil (not conventional liquid essential oil) is the appropriate form for oral administration, with much higher stability than conventional liquid essential oil in encapsulated formulations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB vitamins (B5, B6, B9, and B12 methylcobalamin): metabolic support for the nervous system and fatigue reduction:\u003c\/strong\u003e The four B vitamins included in the formula have EFSA-approved health claims specifically relevant in the context of chronic stress. Vitamin B6 contributes to normal psychological function and to the normal functioning of the nervous system. Pantothenic Acid (B5) contributes to normal mental performance and to the normal synthesis of neurotransmitters. Folic Acid (B9, folate) contributes to normal psychological function and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Vitamin B12 methylcobalamin contributes to normal psychological function and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Chronic stress increases the metabolic consumption of these vitamins in the pathways of neurotransmitter production (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) and stress response, making their supplementation especially relevant in contexts of prolonged stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 2 vegetable capsules in the morning with breakfast and 2 vegetable capsules at night with dinner (4 capsules\/day total). Dividing the dose into morning and night ensures coverage throughout the day and takes advantage of the effect of lavender and L-Theanine at night to support sleep quality.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e The effects of L-Theanine and Lavender may be noticeable within a few hours of the first dose. The full adaptogenic effects of Ashwagandha KSM-66® require continuous use for 4 to 8 weeks for complete HPA axis modulation and chronic cortisol reduction. Continuous use for 2 to 3 months is recommended for more consistent and lasting results.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356775771,"sku":null,"price":19.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-STRESSCARE.webp?v=1777503794"},{"product_id":"product_cceea25d-3595-4f76-838e-00bacc40c04c","title":"HSN - SAMe | 200mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries SAMe 200 mg is a dietary supplement in delayed-release DRCaps® vegetable capsules (Lonza) based on S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) in its most stable available form: microencapsulated tosylate disulfate. SAMe is an endogenous molecule produced mainly in the liver, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-methionine and ATP, which participates as a cofactor in over 100 biochemical reactions in the body, functioning as the primary universal methyl group donor in human cellular metabolism. The formula is complemented with Choline Bitartrate, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), Cupric Gluconate (Copper), and Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin), compounds that work synergistically with SAMe in methylation pathways, liver health, and homocysteine metabolism. Lonza's DRCaps® capsules are delayed-release vegetable capsules (HPMC) that protect SAMe from the acidic gastric environment, ensuring its intact arrival in the small intestine where it is absorbed. 1 capsule daily on an empty stomach. Vegan, allergen-free, non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSAMe: the universal methyl group donor and cofactor for over 100 biochemical reactions:\u003c\/strong\u003e SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine, also written S-adenosylmethionine) is an endogenous metabolite synthesized in the body mainly in the liver by the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), which conjugates L-methionine with ATP to form SAMe. It is the second most commonly used compound as an enzymatic cofactor in the human body (after ATP), participating as a methyl group donor in over 100 methylation reactions that encompass virtually all biological systems: neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, melatonin), membrane phospholipid synthesis (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine), DNA methylation (epigenetic regulation of gene expression), carnitine synthesis, creatine synthesis, glutathione synthesis (via trans-sulfuration), and homocysteine metabolism. SAMe levels decrease with aging, in contexts of folate and Vitamin B12 deficiency, and in liver diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroencapsulated tosylate disulfate form: the most stable form for effective supplementation:\u003c\/strong\u003e SAMe in its free form (S-adenosyl-L-methionine base) is an extremely unstable compound that degrades rapidly on contact with oxygen, humidity, light, and gastric acid. The production of stable SAMe for oral supplementation requires chemical stabilization: the tosylate disulfate form is the most chemically stable SAMe salt commercially available, and it is the form used in the vast majority of SAMe clinical studies. Additional microencapsulation protects SAMe from oxidation during storage and gastrointestinal transit, and Lonza's DRCaps® capsules ensure that the capsule does not dissolve in the acidic environment of the stomach (pH 1 to 3) but only in the small intestine (pH 6 to 7), where SAMe is efficiently absorbed without acidic degradation. This combination of stable chemical form + microencapsulation + delayed-release capsule represents the most advanced SAMe protection technology available.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for mood and psychological well-being via neurotransmitter synthesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e SAMe is an essential cofactor for enzymes that convert the amino acid L-DOPA into dopamine (via methyl group donation to the COMT enzyme, catechol-O-methyltransferase) and for the N-acetylation of serotonin into melatonin. The synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine directly depends on the availability of SAMe as a methyl group donor in the methylation reactions of these pathways. Clinical studies with SAMe in the context of mood support document mood and psychological well-being improvement effects, with documented mechanisms of action on the monoaminergic system. Meta-analyses document that SAMe at 800 to 1600 mg\/day produced superior effects to placebo in several clinical trials for mood support.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for joint health: comparative clinical studies with NSAIDs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Two clinical studies evaluated in a 2002 meta-analysis (Soeken et al.) documented that SAMe (600 mg\/day orally, twice daily) was as effective as NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like diclofenac and ibuprofen) in improving functional limitations in patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis, but without the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse effects of NSAIDs. The mechanism of action in articular cartilage involves stimulating proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes (via methylation and glycosaminoglycan synthesis) and anti-inflammatory properties (via inhibition of inflammatory cytokine synthesis). This profile of efficacy comparable to conventional therapies but with much greater safety makes SAMe especially relevant for adults seeking natural alternatives to chronic NSAID use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for liver health and protection against cholestasis:\u003c\/strong\u003e The liver is the organ with the highest concentration of SAMe in the body (where it is primarily synthesized) and its hepatic functions are multiple and critical: participation in phosphatidylcholine synthesis (essential for hepatocyte membrane integrity and for lipid transport in bile), support for hepatic glutathione synthesis (via trans-sulfuration, SAMe is converted to cysteine, the limiting precursor of glutathione), and maintenance of biliary fluidity. In contexts of liver dysfunction (intrahepatic cholestasis, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis), hepatic SAMe levels are often depleted, compromising these protective functions. Clinical studies with intravenous and oral SAMe in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and in alcoholic cirrhosis document improvements in markers of liver injury and biliary function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCholine bitartrate: synergistic support for hepatic lipid metabolism and methylation:\u003c\/strong\u003e The choline included in the formula as bitartrate (one of the most stable and bioavailable forms) is a precursor to the methyl group donor metabolite betaine, which can regenerate homocysteine to methionine (and consequently to SAMe) via the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) pathway. This pathway is complementary to the folate\/B12 pathway for homocysteine remethylation, and it is especially active in the liver. Choline also has EFSA-approved health claims for normal hepatic lipid metabolism and for the maintenance of normal liver function, being especially relevant for preventing the accumulation of liver fat (steatosis).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethylcobalamin Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C: essential cofactors of the SAMe cycle:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin, the active form) is an essential cofactor of methionine synthase, the enzyme that remethylates homocysteine to methionine (the direct precursor of SAMe) in the folate-dependent pathway. Without sufficient B12, the methionine-SAMe-homocysteine-methionine cycle is compromised, leading to homocysteine accumulation and SAMe depletion. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays an antioxidant protective role for SAMe, given that SAMe is a molecule sensitive to oxidation, and Vitamin C can reduce the rate of oxidative degradation of SAMe during gastrointestinal transit after the DRCaps® capsule opens in the intestine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopper (cupric gluconate): cofactor for copper-dependent enzymes relevant to the SAMe cycle:\u003c\/strong\u003e Copper is a cofactor for multiple enzymes that have a functional relationship with SAMe metabolism, including lysyl oxidase (which uses SAMe for collagen and elastin maturation), ceruloplasmin, and cupric-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn-SOD), which is an enzymatic antioxidant that complements the antioxidant protection of SAMe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eDirections for Use\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule daily, preferably on an empty stomach (30 minutes before meals), to maximize SAMe absorption without food interference. The dose of 200 mg\/day is the maintenance dose; for joint support, clinical studies typically used 600 to 1200 mg\/day (take 3 to 6 capsules\/day in divided doses, following professional advice).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e After opening, store in a cool (below 25°C), dry, and dark place. SAMe is sensitive to humidity, heat, and light: close the package tightly after each use.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356841307,"sku":null,"price":47.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-SAMe_200mg.webp?v=1777503713"},{"product_id":"product_99fd4ba3-4187-4c82-bb98-fb9759ed6095","title":"HSN - BERBERINE COMPLEX | 500mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's Berberine Complex 500 mg from the EssentialSeries line is a dietary supplement in vegetable capsules based on high-purity Berberine HCl (97% berberine HCl, 90.5% berberine base), obtained from two highly concentrated (100:1) extracts of Berberis aristata: bark extract and root extract, complemented with Magnesium Citrate and Chromium Picolinate. Berberine is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid present in various species of the genus Berberis (especially Berberis aristata, native to the Himalayas and high-altitude areas of India and Nepal), with over 40 years of scientific research and a clinical evidence profile that positions it as one of the plant-derived compounds with the greatest documented potential for supporting glucose and lipid metabolism. The 97% berberine HCl concentration in the 100:1 extract guarantees the purest and most concentrated dose commercially available. Dosage: 1 capsule 3 times a day (total: 1500 mg berberine\/day). Vegan, gluten-free, GMO-free, allergen-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBerberine: the plant alkaloid with an analogous mechanism of action to metformin via AMPK activation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid with a unique chemical structure that gives it the ability to cross cell membranes and act directly on intracellular targets. The main mechanism of action of berberine is the activation of the enzyme AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), often referred to as the \"master switch of cellular metabolism\". AMPK is an energy sensor that, when activated, promotes glucose uptake by cells (via GLUT4 transporter translocation to the plasma membrane), inhibits hepatic glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) and hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides, and stimulates fatty acid oxidation. This AMPK activation mechanism is the same mechanism of action as metformin, the most widely prescribed oral antidiabetic drug worldwide, although berberine acts at distinct molecular sites. A clinical trial published in Metabolism (Yin et al., 2008) with 116 patients with type 2 diabetes documented that berberine (500 mg 3x\/day) was as effective as metformin in reducing glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting and postprandial glucose, over 3 months.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for blood glucose control: acting on multiple simultaneous pathways:\u003c\/strong\u003e Berberine exerts effects on glucose metabolism through multiple simultaneous and complementary mechanisms, making it more robust than compounds with a single mechanism. In addition to AMPK activation (which stimulates peripheral glucose uptake), berberine inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase (the enzyme that digests complex carbohydrates into absorbable glucose, delaying postprandial glucose absorption, similar to acarbose), inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4, increasing endogenous GLP-1 levels), and improves tissue sensitivity to insulin at the insulin receptor level. Recent meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials document that berberine consistently reduces HbA1c, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin levels in adults with pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduction of LDL cholesterol via PCSK9 inhibition and activation of LDL receptors:\u003c\/strong\u003e Berberine has a distinct LDL cholesterol-lowering mechanism, complementary to that of Monacolin K (an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor). Berberine stabilizes LDL receptor mRNA in hepatocytes (increasing the expression of LDL receptors on the surface of liver cells, which take up more LDL from circulation) and inhibits PCSK9 (the protease that degrades LDL receptors after internalization, reducing their recycling to the cell surface). PCSK9 inhibition is the same mechanism of action as the latest and most effective monoclonal antibodies for familial hypercholesterolemia. Meta-analyses of clinical trials with berberine document reductions in LDL-cholesterol of 15 to 25% in adults with moderate dyslipidemia, accompanied by reductions in triglycerides and slight increases in HDL.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBerberis aristata: the source with the highest quality and safety profile of berberine:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN exclusively uses Berberis aristata as a source of berberine, the most studied species with the best quality and safety profile for supplementation. This species native to the Himalayas has a very favorable alkaloid profile, with a predominance of berberine (\u003e97% of total alkaloids) compared to other species of the genus Berberis or other sources of berberine (such as Coptis chinensis or Hydrastis canadensis) that contain additional alkaloids with less safety evidence. The use of two complementary extracts (bark and root), both standardized 100:1 to 97% berberine HCl, maximizes the purity and consistency of the berberine base content in each capsule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium Citrate for synergistic metabolic support:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Magnesium Citrate included in the formula is one of the most bioavailable forms of Magnesium. As recognized by the EFSA, Magnesium contributes to normal energy metabolism, normal muscle function, and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. Magnesium is also an essential cofactor for enzymes in the oxidative phosphorylation chain and ATP synthesis, being fundamental for the efficiency of cellular energy metabolism that berberine aims to optimize. Studies document that magnesium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, making magnesium a naturally synergistic complement to berberine in supporting carbohydrate metabolism.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromium Picolinate for supporting normal macronutrient metabolism and maintaining normal blood glucose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Chromium (chromium picolinate, one of the most bioavailable forms) has EFSA-approved health claims specific to macronutrient metabolism and the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels: Chromium contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism and the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels. Chromium enhances insulin receptor signaling, being especially relevant in contexts of insulin resistance where sensitivity to the insulin signal is compromised. The combination of berberine (AMPK activation, alpha-glucosidase inhibition) with Chromium (enhancement of insulin signaling) covers two complementary pathways for supporting blood glucose regulation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDose distribution in 3 daily intakes: a pharmacological strategy to maximize effectiveness:\u003c\/strong\u003e Berberine has a relatively short plasma half-life (~4 to 6 hours) and moderate oral bioavailability that is greatly improved when taken with meals (as the presence of food delays gastric emptying and increases contact time with intestinal absorption enzymes). The dose of 1500 mg\/day divided into 3 intakes of 500 mg (one with each main meal) is the dose and dosing regimen used in the vast majority of reference clinical trials with berberine, and it has shown the best clinical results. This division also ensures a more constant exposure of the body to berberine throughout the day, without the plasma peaks that can cause gastrointestinal discomfort (the main complaint associated with high single doses of berberine).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule 3 times a day, preferably with main meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). Taking with meals reduces the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort and improves bioavailability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration:\u003c\/strong\u003e Effects on blood glucose and lipid profile are cumulative and typically visible in laboratory tests after 8 to 12 weeks of continuous use. For long-term maintenance effects, continuous use is the most documented model in clinical studies.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356874075,"sku":null,"price":32.64,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-BERBERINACOMPLEX.webp?v=1776804820"},{"product_id":"product_195bf0d2-687b-4c90-9b80-5fb046729bb9","title":"HSN - CHROMIUM PICOLINATE | 200caps \u0026 200mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Chromium Picolinate 200 mcg is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on chromium picolinate, the most bioavailable form of chromium available for oral supplementation. Each capsule provides 200 mcg of elemental Chromium (not from the total salt), which represents 500% of the European Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) for Chromium (40 mcg\/day). Chromium is an essential trace element that the body cannot synthesize endogenously, and it must be obtained exclusively through diet or supplementation. With EFSA-approved health claims for normal macronutrient metabolism and the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels, Chromium is especially relevant as a supplement for individuals with goals of glycemic control, weight management, and carbohydrate metabolism support. Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO, allergen-free. Available in 30, 120, and 240 capsules.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromium: essential mineral with EFSA-approved health claims for metabolism and glycemia:\u003c\/strong\u003e Chromium is an essential trace element classified as such by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), with two approved and specific health claims: Chromium contributes to the normal metabolism of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and Chromium contributes to the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels. These two EFSA-approved claims distinguish Chromium from many other micronutrients for which health claims related to glycemia are still awaiting approval, making it one of the few minerals with a solid European regulatory basis for these specific functions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromium picolinate: the form with the highest documented oral bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e Chromium exists in different forms of supplementation (chromium chloride, chromium nicotinate, yeast chromium, chromium picolinate), which differ significantly in their oral bioavailability. Chromium picolinate is formed by the conjugation of trivalent chromium (Cr3+) with picolinic acid, a natural tryptophan metabolite. Picolinic acid forms stable chelates with chromium that are more water-soluble and more resistant to hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal environment than simple inorganic forms. Comparative bioavailability studies document that chromium picolinate is absorbed much more efficiently than chromium chloride (the most common inorganic form), with absorption estimates 10 to 20 times higher in animal models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransparency in declaration: 200 mcg of elemental Chromium, not from the salt:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN highlights an important transparency aspect in the labeling of its Chromium Picolinate: the declared 200 mcg refers to pure elemental Chromium, not the total weight of the chromium picolinate salt. Many manufacturers on the market declare the total weight of the chromium picolinate salt (which includes picolinic acid as part of the molecule, without specific Chromium activity), which results in a real amount of elemental Chromium much lower than declared. For example, a product declaring \"200 mcg of chromium picolinate\" typically contains only ~32 mcg of elemental Chromium (since Chromium represents only ~16% of the molecular weight of chromium picolinate), much less than the declared 200 mcg. HSN transparently declares that each capsule contains 200 mcg of elemental Chromium (the biologically active part), ensuring that the user receives and can validly compare it with other products.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole of Chromium in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e The molecular mechanism by which Chromium supports normal glucose metabolism primarily involves its participation as a cofactor of chromium-binding oligopeptide (chromodulin or LMW-Cr), an endogenous molecule that potentiates intracellular signaling of the insulin receptor. When insulin binds to its receptor on the cell surface, it promotes the translocation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane and activates an intracellular phosphorylation cascade. Chromium (via chromodulin) amplifies these intracellular signaling cascades, increasing the efficiency of insulin-mediated glucose uptake. This function of potentiating insulin signaling is the mechanism by which Chromium contributes to the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for macronutrient metabolism for athletes and people on caloric restriction:\u003c\/strong\u003e In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, Chromium has documented influence on protein and fat metabolism. Studies document that chromium picolinate supplementation can modestly increase fat oxidation and reduce protein catabolism in contexts of physical exercise and caloric restriction, which is the basis for its historical use as a body composition supplement in sports. Although the effects on body composition are modest compared to other supplements (such as creatine or protein), Chromium is often included in weight loss and glycemic control formulas as a broad-spectrum metabolic support component.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200 mcg dose: 500% of the European NRV, basis for most clinical studies:\u003c\/strong\u003e The dose of 200 mcg of elemental Chromium per capsule represents 500% of the European Nutrient Reference Value (40 mcg\/day), established as the dose for healthy adults that prevents deficiency. The supplementation dose typically used in reference clinical studies ranges from 200 to 1000 mcg\/day of elemental Chromium, with most studies using 200 to 400 mcg\/day. The 200 mcg per capsule dose allows the user to easily adjust the dose between 200 and 600 mcg\/day (1 to 3 capsules\/day) according to their specific needs, remaining within the documented safe doses (up to 1000 mcg\/day of chromium picolinate are considered safe by most regulatory authorities for use in supplementation).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule daily before physical activity or with the main meal. For specific support for post-prandial glycemic control, you can take 1 capsule with each of the 3 main meals (up to 3 capsules\/day = 600 mcg of elemental Chromium\/day), within the documented safe doses.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTiming:\u003c\/strong\u003e Taking it with carbohydrate-containing meals maximizes the functional relevance of Chromium for supporting glucose metabolism, as Chromium potentiates the insulin response that occurs after carbohydrate intake.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356906843,"sku":null,"price":11.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-PICOLINATODECROMIO_200mg.webp?v=1777501893"},{"product_id":"product_7172148f-cab3-488e-80ed-a83bd4ff90d1","title":"HSN - MAGNESIUM MALATE | 120caps \u0026 1000mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Magnesium Malate 1000 mg is a dietary supplement in tablets based on pure magnesium malate, a form of magnesium combined with malic acid that stands out for its dual contribution: elemental Magnesium for its multiple physiological functions (with over 8 EFSA-approved health claims) and malic acid for its participation as a substrate in the Krebs Cycle for mitochondrial ATP production. Each 1000 mg magnesium malate tablet provides 115.5 mg of elemental Magnesium. A daily dose of 3 tablets provides 3000 mg of magnesium malate = 346.5 mg of elemental Magnesium, covering most adults' daily magnesium needs. Vegetarian and vegan. Gluten-free, GMO-free, allergen-free. HSN maintains full transparency in declaring elemental Magnesium content (not the total salt weight), distinguishing itself from brands that only declare the salt's weight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium Malate: the combination of magnesium with malic acid for mitochondrial energy and muscle support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Magnesium malate is an organic salt resulting from the combination of Magnesium ions (Mg2+) with malic acid (a 4-carbon dicarboxylic acid, also called malate in its ionic form). This combination is unique for simultaneously providing elemental Magnesium and bioavailable malic acid in a single molecule. Magnesium is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial ATPase and over 300 enzymes involved in energy metabolism, while malic acid is a central intermediary of the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), directly participating in the conversion of energy substrates (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) into NADH and FADH2, which fuel the mitochondrial respiratory chain for ATP production. The synergy between Magnesium (enzymatic cofactor) and malic acid (metabolic substrate) makes magnesium malate particularly relevant for supporting energy metabolism and reducing muscle fatigue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOver 8 EFSA-approved health claims for Magnesium:\u003c\/strong\u003e Magnesium has one of the most extensive portfolios of EFSA-approved health claims of any supplemental mineral. Magnesium demonstrably contributes to: the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, electrolyte balance, normal energy metabolism, normal functioning of the nervous system, normal muscle function, normal protein synthesis, normal psychological function, maintenance of normal bones and normal teeth. This wide range of proven functions reflects Magnesium's central role as a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions that cover virtually all physiological systems of the human body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole of Magnesium in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function:\u003c\/strong\u003e ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary cellular energy currency, exists primarily as an intracellular Mg-ATP complex (magnesium-ATP). Magnesium is necessary for ATP stabilization and for the activity of all enzymes that use ATP as a substrate (ATPases), including Na+\/K+-ATPase (essential for maintaining cellular membrane potential) and myosin ATPase (essential for muscle contraction). Magnesium depletion directly compromises the efficiency of ATP production and utilization, clinically manifesting as fatigue, muscle cramps, and reduced physical performance. Magnesium malate supplementation restores intracellular Magnesium levels, restoring the functional capacity of these enzymes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMalic acid and specific support for fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue:\u003c\/strong\u003e Magnesium malate has a specific and unique clinical evidence base (not shared by other forms of magnesium) for support in conditions of chronic muscle fatigue, especially fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic diffuse muscle pain and fatigue, with studies documenting magnesium and malic acid deficiencies in affected muscle fibers. A clinical study published in the Journal of Nutritional Medicine (Russell et al., 1995) with 15 fibromyalgia patients documented that magnesium malate supplementation (300 to 600 mg of Magnesium + 1200 to 2400 mg of malic acid\/day) significantly reduced pain and tenderness scores after 8 weeks, with regression of effects after cessation. This specific result of magnesium malate (not replicated by other forms of magnesium in comparative studies) is attributed to the synergistic contribution of malic acid to mitochondrial function in muscle cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for the nervous system and psychological function:\u003c\/strong\u003e Magnesium plays a fundamental role in regulating neurotransmission in the central nervous system, acting as a natural antagonist of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, which are the main glutamate receptors in the CNS. In conditions of magnesium deficiency, NMDA receptors become hyperactive (as Magnesium physically blocks the NMDA ion channel at rest), contributing to anxiety, irritability, and hypersensitivity to stress. Magnesium supplementation restores the physiological blockade of NMDA, contributing to normal psychological function and the reduction of tiredness and mental fatigue as recognized by EFSA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for muscle function, cramp prevention, and sports recovery:\u003c\/strong\u003e Magnesium is essential for muscle relaxation after contraction, as it functions as a physiological antagonist of calcium (which triggers muscle contraction). The intracellular Mg\/Ca imbalance, which occurs due to both magnesium depletion and metabolic acidosis (exacerbated by intense exercise), is the primary mechanism of muscle cramps. Magnesium malate supplementation restores the Mg\/Ca balance and, through malic acid, supports the elimination of lactate accumulated in muscle fibers during high-intensity exercise (malic acid is an intermediate that can capture pyruvate groups in the glucoplastic pathway, facilitating the exit of lactate from muscle fibers).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransparency in labeling: 346.5 mg of elemental Magnesium from 3000 mg of magnesium malate:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN maintains a policy of full transparency in declaring elemental Magnesium content, precisely calculated from the molecular composition of magnesium malate. Magnesium malate contains 11.55% elemental Magnesium by salt weight (calculated from the atomic masses of Mg=24.3 and the magnesium malate molecule), which represents 115.5 mg of elemental Magnesium per 1000 mg magnesium malate tablet, and 346.5 mg of elemental Magnesium in the daily dose of 3 tablets (3000 mg of magnesium malate). This transparency allows the user to correctly compare the actual Magnesium content with other products on the market.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 tablet 3 times a day with meals (total: 3000 mg of magnesium malate\/day = 346.5 mg of elemental Magnesium\/day). Taking with meals improves gastrointestinal tolerance and magnesium absorption, as the presence of food stimulates gastric acid secretion, which facilitates the solubilization of the magnesium salt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTiming for athletes:\u003c\/strong\u003e For recovery support and cramp prevention, take 1 tablet after training and 1 tablet at bedtime, in addition to the morning meal.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705356939611,"sku":null,"price":18.09,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-MALATODEMAGNESIO_1mg.webp?v=1777501018"},{"product_id":"product_5b6e031d-4687-4c2d-8fd6-7814157011df","title":"HSN - ZINC BISGLYCINATE | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eZinc Bisglycinate 25 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries is a dietary supplement in vegetable capsules based on chelated zinc bisglycinate, the most orally bioavailable form of Zinc available for supplementation, enriched with Cupric Gluconate (1 mg of elemental Copper = 100% of the European NRV). Zinc is an essential trace element with over 10 EFSA-approved health claims, acting as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes and more than 1000 transcription factors in the human body. The inclusion of Copper in the formula is a decision based on scientific evidence: chronic supplementation with high doses of Zinc can induce Copper depletion through competitive mechanisms of intestinal absorption, making co-supplementation with Copper relevant to maintain Zn\/Cu balance. Each capsule provides 25 mg of elemental Zinc (250% of the European NRV of 10 mg) and 1 mg of elemental Copper (100% of the European NRV of 1 mg). 1 capsule per day. Vegan, gluten-free, GMO-free, allergen-free. Available in 30, 120, and 240 capsules.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChelated zinc bisglycinate: the form with the highest bioavailability and best gastrointestinal tolerance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc bisglycinate is a chelate formed by the binding of a Zinc ion (Zn2+) to two molecules of the amino acid glycine. This chelation gives Zinc pharmacokinetic properties far superior to simple inorganic forms: zinc bisglycinate is more soluble in the intestinal environment, more resistant to the formation of insoluble chelates with phytates and fibers (which dramatically reduce the absorption of inorganic zinc), and is absorbed through amino acid transporters in the intestinal epithelium that are different and independent of inorganic zinc transporters, avoiding competitive saturation. Comparative bioavailability studies document that zinc bisglycinate has 30 to 40% higher absorption than zinc sulfate (the reference form in clinical studies) and causes significantly less gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, gastric irritation) than inorganic forms. Zinc bisglycinate provides ~30% elemental Zinc by salt weight, one of the highest mineral densities available.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOver 10 EFSA-approved health claims for Zinc: a universal cofactor:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc has the highest number of EFSA-approved health claims of any trace element, covering virtually all physiological systems. Zinc is proven to contribute to: the protection of cells from oxidative damage, normal cognitive function, normal functioning of the immune system, maintenance of normal vision, maintenance of normal skin, maintenance of normal hair, maintenance of normal nails, normal DNA synthesis, normal fatty acid metabolism, normal macronutrient metabolism, normal protein synthesis, normal vitamin A metabolism, maintenance of normal bones, maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood, normal male reproductive function, and normal bone development in children. This breadth reflects Zinc's role as a cofactor for over 300 metalloproteins (enzymes that require Zinc for their catalytic activity) and over 1000 transcription factors that regulate gene expression in virtually all cell types in the body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmune support: Zinc in the first and second lines of immune defense:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is essential for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes (especially T-helper and cytotoxic T cells, central immune cells of adaptive immunity), for antibody production by B lymphocytes, and for the cytotoxic activity of NK cells (Natural Killer cells, innate immunity cells). Zinc depletion causes thymic atrophy (the organ where T lymphocytes mature), a sharp drop in thymulin levels (a thymic hormone that regulates zinc-dependent T lymphocyte maturation), and marked immune suppression that includes recurrent bacterial and viral infections. Intervention studies with Zinc supplementation in the elderly (where Zinc deficiency is prevalent) document a reduction in the incidence and duration of respiratory infections and an improvement in cellular immunity markers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant protection via zinc-copper superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn-SOD):\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc, together with Copper, is an essential cofactor of the cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase enzyme (Cu\/Zn-SOD), one of the most important enzymatic antioxidants in the body, responsible for the dismutation of the superoxide radical (O2•⁻) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is subsequently eliminated by catalase and glutathione peroxidase. The activity of Cu\/Zn-SOD depends on the simultaneous availability of Zinc and Copper at their active sites, making co-supplementation of both minerals (as in this formula) especially relevant for maintaining enzymatic antioxidant activity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSkin, hair and nail support: Zinc in keratinized structures:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is selectively concentrated in tissues with high cell proliferation, including the skin (especially the epidermis and sebaceous glands), hair follicles, and nail matrix cells. At the molecular level, Zinc is a cofactor for RNA polymerase and multiple transcription factors that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes (the predominant cells of the epidermis and skin appendages). Clinical studies document that Zinc deficiency causes dermatitis, alopecia (hair loss), and leukonychia (white spots on nails), all reversible with Zinc supplementation. The dosage of 25 mg\/day is the dose typically used in clinical studies supporting dermatological health.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTestosterone and male reproductive health support:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc has a documented role in the synthesis and metabolism of androgens. 5-alpha-reductase (the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone) is a zinc-dependent metalloprotein. Additionally, Zinc inhibits aromatase (the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol), reducing the peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrogens. Clinical studies, including that by Prasad et al. (1996) published in the journal Nutrition, document that Zinc supplementation in men with Zinc deficiency increases serum testosterone levels and improves sperm count and motility.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion of Copper (cupric gluconate, 1 mg = 100% NRV): prevention of zinc-induced copper depletion:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc and Copper compete for the same intestinal divalent metal transporter (DMT1, Divalent Metal Transporter 1), and chronic supplementation with high doses of Zinc (typically above 50 mg\/day for prolonged periods) can induce Copper depletion by saturating DMT1 and reducing intestinal Copper absorption. Given that Copper is equally essential for numerous physiological functions (collagen synthesis, neurological function, hematopoiesis, Cu\/Zn-SOD activity), Copper depletion is clinically relevant and can cause anemia and neuropathy. HSN includes 1 mg of Copper (= 100% of the European NRV of 1 mg) in the Zinc Bisglycinate formula, ensuring coverage of Copper needs and preventing depletion associated with Zinc use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day. For best absorption, preferably take on an empty stomach or between meals, as foods rich in phytates (whole grains, legumes) reduce Zinc absorption. In case of gastric sensitivity, take with a light meal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTiming:\u003c\/strong\u003e Many users prefer to take Zinc at night before bed, as Zinc is naturally released by the body during sleep and nighttime supplementation maximizes availability during the period of recovery and tissue repair that occurs during deep sleep.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357103451,"sku":null,"price":12.64,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/1_522fa7b8-bb82-4466-96e4-d55b902ab5bf.png?v=1780699199"},{"product_id":"product_e8309c33-e731-463a-a525-9b20532a981b","title":"HSN - ZINC PICOLINATE | 120 caps (25mg zinc)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Zinc Picolinate 25 mg is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on zinc picolinate, one of the forms of Zinc with the highest documented oral bioavailability in comparative studies, combined with chelated Copper Bisglycinate (1 mg elemental Copper). Zinc picolinate is formed by the conjugation of a Zinc ion (Zn2+) with two molecules of picolinic acid (an endogenous tryptophan metabolite with a natural role in mineral chelation in the body) in an approximate ratio of 21% Zinc\/79% picolinate by weight. The reference study by Barrie et al. (1987) documented that zinc picolinate has superior absorption to zinc acetate and zinc citrate in healthy volunteers, establishing picolinate as one of the preferred forms for Zinc supplementation. The formulation is Clean Label, without aesthetic additives or colorants. 1 capsule every other day. Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc picolinate: highly bioavailable form with picolinic acid as an endogenous natural chelator:\u003c\/strong\u003e Picolinic acid is an endogenous metabolite of the tryptophan degradation pathway (kynurenine pathway), naturally produced by the body and secreted by the pancreas to facilitate intestinal absorption of minerals such as Zinc, Manganese and Chromium. The physiological endogenous role of picolinic acid as a chelator of minerals in the intestine is the basis for the rationale of zinc picolinate as a form of supplementation: by supplying Zinc already conjugated with its natural chelator, the salt's resistance to negative interactions with phytates, oxalates and other antinutrients present in foods that reduce the absorption of inorganic forms of Zinc is maximized. The comparative study by Barrie et al. (1987), published in Agents and Actions, documented that zinc picolinate raised Zinc levels in hair, erythrocytes and leukocytes significantly more than zinc acetate or zinc citrate at the same dose, being considered the foundational study for the use of zinc picolinate as a highly bioavailable supplement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc: more than 10 EFSA-approved health claims covering all major physiological systems:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is the trace element with the highest number of EFSA-approved health claims for any supplemental mineral. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 metalloproteins and over 1000 transcription factors that regulate gene expression in virtually all cell types. Approved EFSA health claims include contributions to: the protection of cells from oxidative damage, normal cognitive function, normal functioning of the immune system (both innate and adaptive immunity), maintenance of normal vision, maintenance of normal skin, maintenance of normal hair, maintenance of normal nails, normal DNA synthesis, normal fatty acid metabolism, normal macronutrient metabolism, normal protein synthesis, normal vitamin A metabolism, maintenance of normal bones, maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood, and normal male reproductive function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmune and antioxidant support: Zinc in the first and second lines of defense:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is essential for the development and maturation of T and B lymphocytes (adaptive immunity), for the activity of NK cells (innate immunity) and for antibody production. Thymulin, the thymic hormone that regulates T lymphocyte maturation, is a metalloprotein strictly dependent on Zinc for its biological activity. At the antioxidant level, Zinc is a cofactor of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn-SOD), one of the body's main enzymatic antioxidants, responsible for neutralizing the superoxide radical (O2•⁻).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for skin, hair and nails:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is a cofactor for multiple transcription factors of the zinc finger protein family that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermis, hair follicles, and nail matrix cells. Zinc deficiency causes dermatitis, alopecia, and nail changes that are reversible with supplementation. Zinc picolinate, due to its superior bioavailability, ensures more efficient replenishment of Zinc levels in keratinized tissues with high cell turnover.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for testosterone and male reproductive health:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is a cofactor of 5-alpha-reductase (conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone) and inhibits aromatase (conversion of testosterone to estradiol), contributing to the maintenance of normal testosterone levels as recognized by EFSA. The study by Prasad et al. (1996) documented that men with Zinc deficiency who received Zinc supplementation for 6 months showed a significant increase in serum testosterone levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChelated Copper Bisglycinate: synergistic protection and Zn\/Cu balance:\u003c\/strong\u003e The inclusion of chelated Copper Bisglycinate (1 mg = 100% of the European NRV) is a decision based on scientific evidence regarding Zinc-Copper competition for the same intestinal transporter DMT1. Prolonged Zinc supplementation can induce Copper depletion, with clinical consequences including anemia, neuropathy, and decreased Cu\/Zn-SOD activity. Copper Bisglycinate is one of the most bioavailable chelated forms of Copper with less gastrointestinal irritation. Its inclusion in the formula ensures physiological Zn\/Cu balance and simultaneously covers daily Copper needs without requiring additional separate supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFull transparency in labeling: 25 mg of elemental Zinc accurately declared:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN declares with full transparency that each capsule provides 25 mg of elemental Zinc (and not the total weight of the zinc picolinate salt, which would be approximately 116 mg). This distinction is important given that zinc picolinate contains only ~21.5% Zinc by weight of the salt, and less transparent brands may declare the total weight of the salt (creating the false impression of higher doses). The elemental Copper content is also explicitly declared (1 mg = 100% of the NRV).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUsage\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule every other day. This less frequent intake (compared to the daily dose of some forms of Zinc) is an appropriate safety choice given that 25 mg of elemental Zinc corresponds to the upper limit of the European NRV, and the high bioavailability of zinc picolinate ensures effective accumulation in tissues even with intake every other day.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357136219,"sku":null,"price":11.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-PICOLINATODEZINCO_25mgZINCO.webp?v=1777502022"},{"product_id":"product_70efa8db-5f89-421b-bc65-caa1bce90210","title":"HSN - ZINC GLUCONATE | 120 caps (25mg zinc)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Zinc Gluconate 25 mg is a food supplement in plant-based tablets based on zinc gluconate, the zinc salt with the longest history of clinical use and the most extensive base of reference studies. Zinc gluconate is formed by the conjugation of zinc with gluconic acid (a carboxylic acid derived from glucose), resulting in a salt with good chemical stability, excellent gastrointestinal tolerance, and well-documented bioavailability in clinical trials. Each tablet provides 25 mg of elemental zinc (250% of the European NRV of 10 mg). Take 1 tablet daily with a meal. Clean label formula with the minimum necessary excipients. Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO, allergen-free. Available in 120 and 365 tablets (4-month and 12-month supply).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc gluconate: the clinical reference form with the longest history of studies and use in supplementation:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc gluconate is historically the most widely used form of zinc in clinical trials and has the longest tradition in oral supplementation, especially in seminal studies on the role of zinc in immunity and in reducing the duration of common colds (studies with zinc gluconate lozenges). It is formed by the conjugation of zinc (Zn2+) with gluconic acid, with a proportion of ~14% elemental zinc by weight of the salt. Its long tradition of clinical use, consistent data on safety and gastrointestinal tolerance, and excellent chemical stability during storage have established zinc gluconate as the reference form against which newer forms of zinc (citrate, bisglycinate, picolinate) are typically compared in bioavailability studies. The study by Wegmüller et al. (2014) published in the Journal of Nutrition documented that zinc citrate and zinc gluconate have comparable bioavailability and are significantly superior to zinc oxide. The meta-analysis by Hemilä (2017) published in JRSM Open compared zinc acetate and zinc gluconate in lozenges for the common cold, documenting that both forms reduced the duration of colds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMore than 10 EFSA-approved health claims for Zinc:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is the trace element with the highest number of EFSA-approved health claims for any mineral supplement. Zinc is proven to contribute to: the protection of cells from oxidative damage, normal cognitive function, the normal functioning of the immune system, the maintenance of normal vision, the maintenance of normal skin, the maintenance of normal hair, the maintenance of normal nails, normal DNA synthesis, normal fatty acid metabolism, normal macronutrient metabolism, normal protein synthesis, normal vitamin A metabolism, the maintenance of normal bones, the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood, normal male reproductive function, and normal bone development in children. This breadth reflects the central role of zinc as a cofactor for over 300 metalloproteins and over 1000 transcription factors that regulate gene expression in virtually all cell types of the human body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmune support: role of Zinc in innate and adaptive immunity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is essential for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes in the thymus (thymulin, a thymic hormone regulating T lymphocyte maturation, is a metalloprotein with zinc in its active site), for antibody production by B lymphocytes, and for the cytotoxic activity of NK (Natural Killer) cells. Zinc deficiency causes thymic atrophy, marked suppression of cellular immunity, and increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. In the context of supporting the immune system against respiratory infections (flu, colds), studies with zinc gluconate lozenges documented reductions in the duration of colds by 28 to 40% compared to placebo when initiated within the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for the male reproductive system and testosterone:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is a cofactor for 5-alpha-reductase (conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone) and inhibits aromatase (conversion of testosterone to estradiol). Both mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of normal testosterone levels, as recognized by the approved EFSA health claim. Zinc is also essential for spermatogenesis: it selectively concentrates in the testes and seminal fluid, where it participates in sperm maturation and the protection of sperm DNA from oxidative damage. Zinc-deficient men often present with oligospermia reversible with supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant cell protection via Cu\/Zn-SOD and metallothioneins:\u003c\/strong\u003e Zinc is a cofactor for cytoplasmic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu\/Zn-SOD), one of the body's main enzymatic antioxidants. In addition, zinc induces the synthesis of metallothioneins (cysteine-rich proteins that chelate heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead, protecting cells from heavy metal toxicity) and stabilizes cell membranes against lipid peroxidation mediated by free radicals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTablet format: maximum convenience and economy for long-term use:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN's zinc gluconate is available in tablet format (not capsule), which allows for a more compact and economical presentation. Zinc gluconate tablets are very small (thanks to the high density of the salt), are easy to swallow, and have no perceptible taste (unlike some powdered forms of zinc). The 365-tablet supply represents a full year of supplementation in a single bottle, making it one of the most economical options for quality zinc supplementation on the Portuguese market.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 tablet daily with a meal. Taking it with a meal improves gastrointestinal tolerance and can slightly improve the absorption of zinc gluconate compared to taking it on an empty stomach, as the presence of protein-rich foods stimulates gastric acid secretion, which facilitates the dissolution of the salt.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357201755,"sku":null,"price":7.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-GLUCONATODEZINCO_25mgZINCO.webp?v=1777499977"},{"product_id":"product_bcf43252-40af-46d9-8a0a-e0eb81a7393d","title":"HSN - PEA PROTEIN ISOLATE 2.0","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Isolated Pea Protein 2.0 is a powdered food preparation based on 100% plant-derived pea protein isolate (Pisum sativum), with up to 84g of protein per 100g of product and a complete amino acid profile that includes all essential and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). It is produced from selected yellow and green peas with an exceptionally high protein content (20 to 25%), processed by isolation to concentrate the protein fraction until it reaches isolate purity. HSN conducts protein content and amino acid profile analyses by an independent ENAC\/DANAK certified laboratory, ensuring the veracity declared on the label. Available in over 10 flavors (Chocolate, Chocolate and Hazelnut, Strawberry, Vanilla, Speculoos, Salted Caramel, Coffee Frappé, Tropical Mango, Apple Strudel, and others) and in a natural unflavored version. Lactose-free, gluten-free, soy-free, GMO-free. Suitable for vegan and vegetarian diets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e84g of protein per 100g: high protein concentration isolate comparable to whey:\u003c\/strong\u003e The isolation process of pea protein separates the protein fraction from the plant matrix (fiber, starch, lipids), concentrating the protein to ~84% by weight of the final product. This concentration is comparable to that of a whey protein concentrate (70-80%) and slightly lower than a whey isolate (90%), but much higher than whole peas (~25% protein). Each 30g serving provides approximately 25g of high biological value protein. HSN's declaration is verified by independent ENAC\/DANAK certified laboratory analysis, ensuring that the declared protein content matches the actual product content.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplete amino acid profile, with all essential and relevant BCAAs:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pea protein has an amino acid profile that includes all 9 essential amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine) and all conditionally essential amino acids. The amino acids most relevant for muscle synthesis are present in significant amounts: Leucine (the most important amino acid for activating the mTOR pathway for muscle protein synthesis) is present in ~7% of the amino acid profile, Lysine (~6%), Arginine (~7%), and total BCAAs account for ~17-18% of the profile. The only limiting amino acid in pea protein compared to whey is Methionine (present in lower concentration), which can be supplemented by combining it with Brown Rice (concentrated brown rice protein), whose profile precisely complements pea's relative methionine deficiency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBabault et al. (2015) study: pea protein comparable to whey for muscle hypertrophy:\u003c\/strong\u003e The randomized double-blind clinical trial by Babault et al. (2015), published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, is the reference study for pea protein. With 161 young men undergoing resistance training for 12 weeks, the study documented that supplementation with pea protein (25g\/day) produced biceps thickness gains (assessed by ultrasound) statistically comparable to the whey group and significantly superior to placebo, establishing that isolated pea protein is a high-quality plant protein source for supporting muscle hypertrophy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100% plant-based: lactose-free, gluten-free, soy-free, GMO-free:\u003c\/strong\u003e Pea protein is one of the most suitable plant proteins for people with multiple food intolerances. Unlike soy protein (which can be allergenic and is often GMO), wheat protein (with gluten), and dairy proteins (with lactose and casein), pea protein is free from all these common allergens. It is naturally lactose-free and gluten-free, and HSN's raw material is produced without the use of genetically modified organisms. This combination makes it the protein of choice for vegans, vegetarians, lactose-intolerant individuals, coeliacs, and people with cow's milk protein allergy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh digestibility and superior gastrointestinal tolerance to whole legume proteins:\u003c\/strong\u003e The digestibility of isolated pea protein is much higher than that of whole peas, given that the isolation process removes most of the fiber and antinutrients (phytates, protease inhibitors, lectins, saponins) present in the whole legume that reduce digestibility and cause gastrointestinal discomfort. The PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score) of isolated pea protein is close to 0.89 to 0.98 (0 to 1 scale), comparable to whole egg (1.0) and superior to isolated soy (0.92 to 0.99), making it one of the most digestible and biologically valuable plant proteins available.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulinary versatility: use in shakes, but also in recipes:\u003c\/strong\u003e Isolated pea protein has rheological properties (texture, behavior in water) that make it more versatile than whey for culinary use. It has good heat stability (it does not denature as easily as whey), which allows it to be incorporated into baking recipes (bread, pizza dough, pancakes, muffins, crepes) without significant loss of nutritional value. The Natural (unflavored) version is especially suitable for culinary use as it does not add unwanted flavors to preparations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Mix 1 scoop of 70 ml (approximately 30 g) in 150-250 ml of water, skimmed milk, or plant-based drink. Adjust the liquid volume according to the desired creaminess and texture. The protein can be consumed at any time of the day, being especially convenient as a protein-rich intermediate meal, or during the peri-workout period (before or after exercise).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCombination with rice protein:\u003c\/strong\u003e For a complete aminogram with an amino acid profile comparable to animal protein, combine pea protein with brown rice protein in an approximate 50:50 ratio, compensating for the lower methionine concentration in pea with the higher methionine concentration in rice.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357267291,"sku":null,"price":2.5,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-PROTEINADEERVILHAISOLADA2.0.webp?v=1777502328"},{"product_id":"product_33bfadcb-016e-4b17-9b26-3b0936e48e9d","title":"HSN - LIVER CARE","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Liver Care is an exclusive broad-spectrum formula developed by HSN's R\u0026amp;D team specifically for liver health support, combining 11 active compounds in vegetable capsules: four highly concentrated and standardized plant extracts (Milk Thistle, Turmeric, Artichoke, BioPerine® Black Pepper), the plant-derived glutathione precursor NAC, Choline bitartrate, Coenzyme Q10, natural Vitamin E, Zinc Citrate, chelated Copper Bisglycinate and L-Selenomethionine. All plant extracts are standardized to their most nutritionally relevant bioactive compounds (80% silymarin, 95% curcuminoids, 2.5% cynarin, 98.5% piperine). BioPerine®, patented by Sabinsa Corporation, is specifically included to maximize the oral bioavailability of the other compounds in the formula. Dosage: 1 capsule 3 times per day with a meal (total: 3 capsules\/day). 120 capsules (40-day supply at full dose). Vegan, non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMilk Thistle (25:1, 80% silymarin): the plant hepatoprotector with the greatest clinical evidence base:\u003c\/strong\u003e Milk thistle extract (Silybum marianum) standardized to 80% silymarin is the ingredient with the longest history of clinical use and evidence base for liver health support in the world's phytotherapy catalogue. Silymarin is a mixture of flavonolignans (silybin, isosilybin, silicristin, silydianin) with multiple hepatoprotective mechanisms of action: inhibition of lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte membranes, stimulation of hepatic protein synthesis via RNA polymerase I (accelerating hepatocyte regeneration), inhibition of toxin entry into hepatocytes by competition with membrane transporters, and anti-inflammatory properties via inhibition of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β). The meta-analysis by Gillessen and Schmidt (2020) published in Advances in Therapy compiled clinical studies with silymarin in multiple liver pathologies (chronic hepatitis, NASH, alcoholic cirrhosis, drug toxicity), documenting consistent improvements in markers of liver injury (ALT, AST, GGT) and liver histology in multiple controlled clinical trials.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTurmeric (50:1, 95% curcuminoids): broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and hepatic antioxidant:\u003c\/strong\u003e Turmeric extract standardized to 95% curcuminoids is one of the natural compounds with the highest documented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potency, with mechanisms of action that include inhibition of NF-κB (the main transcriptional regulator of the inflammatory response), COX-2 and LOX-5 (the key enzymes in the synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes), and activation of Nrf2 (the main antioxidant transcription factor that induces the synthesis of glutathione, superoxide dismutase and other endogenous antioxidant defenses). The systematic review by Farzaei et al. (2018) published in Nutrients documented the molecular mechanisms by which curcuminoids exert hepatoprotective effects in multiple experimental models and clinical studies, including support in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), viral hepatitis, and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The 50:1 ratio ensures a curcuminoid concentration 50 times higher than that of native turmeric root.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant-derived NAC (N-acetyl-L-cysteine): glutathione precursor and protection against hepatotoxicity:\u003c\/strong\u003e NAC is the most effective oral glutathione precursor (the body's main intracellular antioxidant, produced from cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid), given that glutathione has very limited intestinal absorption when administered directly. NAC is converted by the body into cysteine, the rate-limiting amino acid for glutathione synthesis, restoring hepatic glutathione levels that are often depleted in conditions of oxidative stress, liver disease, and exposure to hepatotoxins. The mechanism of NAC's hepatoprotection is so well established that it is the reference medical antidote for paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning, which causes liver failure by depletion of hepatic glutathione. The study by Khoshbaten et al. (2010) published in Hepatitis Monthly documented improvement in liver function markers (ALT, AST) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease treated with NAC. HSN uses NAC produced by plant fermentation, making it suitable for vegan diets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArtichoke Extract (20:1, 2.5% cynarin): support for bile function and hepatic lipid metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) standardized to 2.5% cynarin (the main bioactive compound) has cholagogic and choleretic properties (stimulates the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder), which are especially relevant for hepatic lipid metabolism: bile is essential for the emulsification and intestinal absorption of fats, and its insufficient production contributes to the accumulation of hepatic fat (steatosis). The randomized clinical trial by Panahi et al. (2018) published in Phytotherapy Research documented the efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in patients with NAFLD, with significant reductions in markers of liver injury and improvement in ultrasound parameters of steatosis after 2 months of supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCholine bitartrate: essential nutrient for hepatic lipid metabolism and approved EFSA claim:\u003c\/strong\u003e Choline has approved EFSA health claims specifically relevant to the context of this formula: choline contributes to the maintenance of normal liver function and to normal lipid metabolism. Choline is essential for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (the main phospholipid of hepatocyte membranes) and VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), the lipoprotein responsible for the export of lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues. Choline deficiency causes severe hepatic steatosis due to the liver's inability to export accumulated triglycerides, making it a key nutrient in the context of Liver Care.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoQ10, Vitamin E, Zinc, Selenium and Copper: multimodal antioxidant protection of liver tissue:\u003c\/strong\u003e Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinol, the reduced form) is an essential component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain of hepatocytes and a potent lipid-soluble membrane antioxidant. Natural Vitamin E (D-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate, the natural form with higher bioavailability) is the main lipid-soluble antioxidant of cell membranes, inhibiting lipid peroxidation of hepatocyte membranes. Zinc (zinc citrate), Selenium (L-selenomethionine) and Copper (chelated bisglycinate) are essential cofactors of the main antioxidant metalloproteins in the body: Cu\/Zn-SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase, which uses Selenium in its active site) and ceruloplasmin (copper-dependent). The synergistic combination of these enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants covers multiple pathways of oxidative protection of liver tissue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioPerine® (piperine 98.5%, 50:1): bioavailability enhancer for all compounds in the formula:\u003c\/strong\u003e Piperine (BioPerine® from Sabinsa Corporation) is an inhibitor of phase I (CYP3A4, CYP1A2) and phase II (glucuronidation, sulfation) metabolizing enzymes that are responsible for the hepatic and intestinal first-pass effect of many natural compounds. By inhibiting these biotransformation enzymes, BioPerine® increases the oral bioavailability of curcuminoids (2000% increases documented in pharmacokinetic studies), silymarin, and other phytochemicals in the formula. This bioavailability enhancer property is especially critical for curcuminoids, which have extremely low intrinsic oral bioavailability in the absence of enhancers such as piperine or phospholipidation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule 3 times per day with meals (total: 3 capsules\/day). Taking it with a meal improves the bioavailability of fat-soluble compounds (curcuminoids, silymarin, vitamin E, CoQ10) as the presence of dietary fat stimulates bile secretion, which facilitates the absorption of these compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulations with highest relevance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Athletes using pre-workout or anabolic supplements that increase liver load, people who consume alcohol regularly, people taking hepatotoxic medication (statins, paracetamol, anti-inflammatories), people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic syndrome, and people with elevated liver injury markers (increased ALT, AST, GGT in laboratory tests).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357332827,"sku":null,"price":31.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-LIVERCARE_SAUDEHEPATICA.webp?v=1777500833"},{"product_id":"product_b4e3c373-ac6b-4574-8127-d293e8a83d7d","title":"HSN - MELATONIN | 120caps (1.9mg)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Melatonin 1.9 mg is a food supplement in immediate-release vegetable tablets based on pure melatonin, at the highest concentration permitted by European regulations for food supplements (European regulations limit melatonin in food supplements to less than 2 mg per daily dose). Each tablet provides 1.9 mg of pure melatonin, at the dose that EFSA recognises as effective for reducing the time it takes to fall asleep (≥1 mg\/day) and for alleviating the subjective feeling of jet lag (≥0.5 mg\/day). The formula adopts an extreme clean label approach: the only excipient used is microcrystalline cellulose (necessary to compress the tablet), with no colourings, no flavourings, no glazing agents, and no aesthetic additives whatsoever. Take 1 tablet 30 minutes before bedtime. Vegan, gluten-free, GMO-free, allergen-free. Available in 30, 60, 120, and 240 tablets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelatonin: the neurohormone of the circadian cycle with approved EFSA health claims:\u003c\/strong\u003e Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenous neurohormone produced by the pineal gland (epiphysis), in the brain, from serotonin through a two-step enzymatic process (N-acetylation by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, followed by methylation by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase). Its production is regulated by the light\/dark cycle perceived by retinal photoreceptors and transmitted to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (the body's central \"biological clock\"). Under normal conditions, melatonin production increases exponentially at dusk, peaks between 2 and 4 am, and gradually decreases until dawn. This circadian pattern of secretion is the main hormonal signal that synchronises internal biological rhythms with the environmental day\/night cycle. EFSA has approved two health claims for melatonin: melatonin contributes to reducing the time it takes to fall asleep (effect obtained with an intake of 1 mg, taken close to bedtime) and melatonin helps alleviate the subjective feeling of jet lag (effect obtained with a minimum intake of 0.5 mg, taken close to bedtime on the first day of travel and on subsequent days after arrival at the destination).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCircadian disruption in modern lifestyles: why endogenous melatonin is often insufficient:\u003c\/strong\u003e Contemporary lifestyles are marked by multiple factors that suppress or disrupt endogenous melatonin production: nocturnal exposure to blue light from screens (mobile phones, computers, televisions) directly inhibits melatonin production by stimulating retinal photoreceptors as if it were sunlight; irregular sleep schedules (shift work, night shifts, frequent travel); caffeine consumption (which blocks adenosine receptors that promote sleep and delays nocturnal melatonin production); and ageing (melatonin production progressively decreases with age, often being significantly reduced in adults over 50 to 60 years old). In all these contexts, exogenous melatonin supplementation can compensate for endogenous insufficiency and restore the quality of the circadian signal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmediate release: the most studied and direct-acting format to induce sleep:\u003c\/strong\u003e Immediate-release melatonin has an absorption and release curve that replicates the pattern of a rapid increase in endogenous melatonin at dusk, making it particularly effective for the purpose of reducing the time it takes to fall asleep. After oral administration, immediate-release melatonin reaches peak plasma levels in 20 to 30 minutes and is biologically relevant (at concentrations that activate MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and pineal gland) for 1 to 3 hours after intake. This pharmacokinetic profile is well compatible with taking it 30 minutes before the intended bedtime. Immediate-release melatonin is also the form of melatonin most commonly used in reference clinical trials, with the meta-analysis by Li et al. (2019) published in Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (9 studies, 1,683 participants) documenting a significant reduction in sleep onset latency, an increase in total sleep duration, and an improvement in subjective sleep quality.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.9 mg: the maximum permitted dose for food supplements, documented as effective:\u003c\/strong\u003e European regulations state that melatonin-based food supplements should not contain more than 2 mg of melatonin per daily dose. HSN has formulated its product at a dose of 1.9 mg, which is immediately below this regulatory limit, ensuring the user the maximum concentration available in this product category without exceeding the safety limits established by European regulatory authorities. This dose is substantially higher than the minimum effective dose (1 mg) for reducing the time it takes to fall asleep recognised by EFSA, and much higher than the minimum effective dose (0.5 mg) for alleviating jet lag.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtreme clean label: microcrystalline cellulose as the sole excipient:\u003c\/strong\u003e Most melatonin supplements available on the market contain multiple unnecessary additives: coloured glazing agents, dyes to opacify capsules, artificial flavourings, various types of anti-caking agents, and often combinations of vitamins (B6, B12) which, while not harmful, are not necessary for melatonin's efficacy and unnecessarily lengthen the ingredient list. HSN's product contains only melatonin + microcrystalline cellulose, nothing else. This simplicity guarantees complete transparency and eliminates any possible interaction with other unnecessary compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism of action: activation of MT1 and MT2 receptors in the central nervous system:\u003c\/strong\u003e Melatonin exerts its effects on sleep and circadian rhythms primarily through the activation of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 (Gi protein-coupled receptors), which are highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the central biological clock) and the pineal gland. Activation of MT1 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibits neuronal activity, reducing wakefulness and promoting sleep onset. Activation of MT2 receptors regulates circadian timing (the phase angle of the circadian rhythm), which is the mechanism by which melatonin adjusts the biological clock to new time zones (anti-jet lag). Melatonin is not a sedative in the conventional pharmacological sense (it does not act on GABA receptors like benzodiazepines), but rather a hormonal regulator of the circadian rhythm that prepares the body for sleep in a physiological way.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocumented safety and absence of dependence or tolerance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unlike sleep-inducing drugs (benzodiazepines, z-drugs like zolpidem), melatonin does not cause physical dependence, does not induce tolerance with continuous use, has no residual sedative effect the next morning (at a dose of 1.9 mg), and does not interfere with the physiological architecture of sleep (it does not suppress REM sleep). It is one of the supplements with the highest documented safety profile for long-term daily use, including in elderly populations, and does not require withdrawal periods when use is discontinued.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 tablet per day, 30 minutes before bedtime. For jet lag, take 1 tablet close to bedtime on the first day of travel and on subsequent days after arrival at the destination, at local bedtime.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357365595,"sku":null,"price":10.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-MELATONINA1_9mg.webp?v=1777501144"},{"product_id":"product_50555e2e-dcbe-4722-8ae8-63974b64bb2c","title":"HSN - CHEWABLE MELATONIN | 1.9mg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Melotime™ Chewable Melatonin 1.9 mg is a food supplement in strawberry and caramel cream flavoured chewable tablets, based on biphasic sequential release melatonin (Melotime™ technology patented by Inventia Healthcare Ltd.), enriched with Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin). It combines the convenience of a chewable format (no water needed, ideal for taking in bed or while travelling) with Melotime™ sequential release technology, which mimics the physiological pattern of endogenous melatonin secretion through two release phases: an immediate release fraction to facilitate falling asleep and a prolonged release fraction throughout the night to maintain elevated melatonin levels during the first hours of sleep. Each chewable tablet contains 1.9 mg of pure melatonin, at the maximum concentration allowed by European regulations for food supplements. Sugar-free. Vegan. Gluten-free, GMO-free. Available in 30 and 120 chewable tablets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMelatonin 1.9 mg with Melotime™ biphasic sequential release technology:\u003c\/strong\u003e Melotime™ technology, patented by Inventia Healthcare Ltd., is a controlled release matrix granulation platform that allows melatonin to be incorporated into two fractions with distinct release profiles in a single dosage form. When the tablet is chewed, mechanical disintegration occurs, simultaneously releasing: the immediate release fraction (the unencapsulated soluble component), which is rapidly absorbed through the oral and gastrointestinal mucosa, reaching peak plasma levels in 20 to 30 minutes, and the prolonged release fraction (the encapsulated matrix component), which progressively dissolves over several hours in the gastrointestinal environment, maintaining biologically relevant plasma melatonin levels for a more extended period of the night. This biphasic profile is especially relevant for people who fall asleep easily but wake up in the middle of the night (a sleep disturbance pattern especially common in adults over 40-50 years old, associated with reduced endogenous melatonin production in the second half of the night).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEFSA-approved health claims for melatonin:\u003c\/strong\u003e EFSA has approved two specific health claims for melatonin: melatonin contributes to the reduction of time to fall asleep (with an intake of 1 mg taken close to bedtime) and melatonin helps alleviate the subjective feeling of jet lag (with a minimum intake of 0.5 mg taken close to bedtime on the first day of travel and on subsequent days after arrival at the destination). Each HSN chewable tablet provides 1.9 mg, amply covering both effective doses recognised by EFSA.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin B12 methylcobalamin: co-factor of endogenous melatonin synthesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin, the active form) is an essential co-factor in the endogenous synthesis pathway of melatonin. Melatonin is synthesised in the body from the amino acid tryptophan, via serotonin (5-HT), by the sequential action of two enzymes: arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT). Vitamin B12 is necessary for the proper synthesis of SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine, the body's main methyl group donor), which is the co-factor for the methylation reaction catalysed by HIOMT (which converts N-acetylserotonin to melatonin). In this way, the inclusion of Vitamin B12 in the chewable melatonin formula complements and supports endogenous melatonin production, creating a synergy to support the circadian rhythm that goes beyond simple exogenous melatonin supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChewable format: the ideal solution for those who have difficulty taking pills or prefer not to use water at bedtime:\u003c\/strong\u003e The chewable format has specific practical advantages that differentiate it from conventional tablets or capsules: it does not require water to swallow, making it easier to take at bedtime without needing to get up for water; the pleasant strawberry and caramel cream flavour makes taking it a more enjoyable experience; oral disintegration allows a fraction of the melatonin to be absorbed directly through the oral mucosa (sublingual\/transmucosal absorption), with an even faster onset of action than conventional gastrointestinal absorption; and it is especially convenient for travel use (plane, hotel), where practicality is critical.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrawberry and caramel cream flavour, sugar-free:\u003c\/strong\u003e The flavour is achieved with natural flavouring and sweeteners (sucralose and isomalt), with no added sugar. Beetroot red (E162) is a natural colourant. The formulation is vegan, with no animal-derived ingredients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSafety and absence of dependence or tolerance with continuous use:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like all forms of melatonin, the Melotime™ chewable format does not cause physical dependence, does not induce tolerance, has no residual sedation effect the next morning, and does not negatively interfere with the physiological architecture of sleep (it does not suppress REM sleep or alter the distribution of sleep stages). It can be used daily long-term without the need for withdrawal periods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Chew 1 tablet daily, 30 minutes before bedtime. The tablet should be chewed (not swallowed whole) to activate the biphasic release profile of Melotime™ technology and to allow oral transmucosal absorption of the immediate release fraction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor jet lag:\u003c\/strong\u003e Chew 1 tablet close to bedtime on the first day of travel and on subsequent days after arrival at the destination, at local bedtime.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool place (below 25°C), dry and dark. Close tightly after use.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"30 tablets","offer_id":52811916411227,"sku":null,"price":9.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true},{"title":"120 tabs","offer_id":52811916443995,"sku":null,"price":15.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-MELATONINAMASTIGAVELLIBERTACAOSEQUENCIAL_30caps.webp?v=1777501234"},{"product_id":"product_1698c3b7-4034-4254-8285-8aa5e85f4b05","title":"HSN - ASHWAGANDHA EXTRACT (10:1) | 120caps (400mg)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Ashwagandha Extract (10:1) 400 mg is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on dry extract of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) root, with a 10:1 extraction ratio and standardized to 8.5% withanolides. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a central adaptogenic plant in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, used for over 3000 years as a general tonic, adaptogen, and revitalizer. Each 400 mg capsule of extract is equivalent to 4000 mg of native root, and the daily dose of 3 capsules (1200 mg total extract) is equivalent to 12,000 mg of ashwagandha root, providing 102 mg of total withanolides per day (calculated based on 8.5% standardization). The formula is clean label: the only excipients are rice flour and the vegetable capsule (HPMC), with no aesthetic additives, no colorings, no preservatives. Vegan, gluten-free, GMO-free, allergen-free. Available in 30, 120, and 240 capsules.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.5% withanolides: the highest standardization available in unpatented ashwagandha extracts:\u003c\/strong\u003e Withanolides are the family of phytosteroid compounds characteristic of Withania somnifera (steroidal lactones with an ergostane skeleton), identified as the main bioactive compounds responsible for the plant's adaptogenic, anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. The 8.5% withanolide standardization in HSN's 10:1 extract is one of the highest available on the market for unpatented ashwagandha extracts: most ashwagandha extracts on the market are standardized to 2.5% or 5% withanolides, and HSN guarantees 8.5%, ensuring a significantly higher concentration of bioactive compounds. For comparison: KSM-66® (Ixoreal Biomed's patented raw material) is standardized to 5% withanolides with a 12:1 ratio; HSN's 10:1 extract at 8.5% has a higher concentration of withanolides per unit weight of extract than KSM-66®, although KSM-66® uses proprietary extraction techniques that ensure a complete and reproducible phytochemical profile.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100% Withania somnifera root: the part of the plant with the highest concentration of withanolides:\u003c\/strong\u003e HSN specifies that its extract is produced exclusively from the root of Withania somnifera, without leaves, stems, or other aerial parts of the plant. This choice is relevant because the concentration of withanolides is significantly higher in the root (the most studied part of the plant in clinical trials) than in the leaves or stems. Many producers on the market use mixed root+leaf extracts (or even exclusively leaf, which has a lower raw material cost) without specifying the origin on the label, which can result in a lower actual withanolide content than declared. HSN guarantees exclusive root and verifiable analytical standardization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocumented adaptogenic properties: improved stress resistance and mental balance:\u003c\/strong\u003e Ashwagandha is classified as an adaptogen, meaning a compound that non-specifically increases the body's resistance to physical, chemical, and biological stressors, without interfering with normal physiological functions. The adaptogenic mechanism of action of ashwagandha mainly involves modulation of the HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal), with a reduction in cortisol secretion mediated by withanolides, and modulation of the central nervous system via partial agonism of GABA-A receptors (producing an anxiolytic effect) and modulation of intracellular stress signaling pathways (NF-κB, Hsp70, Hsp90). The study by Chandrasekhar et al. (2012), published in the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, with 64 adults with chronic stress, documented that ashwagandha extract (300 mg\/day, 8 weeks) significantly reduced stress and anxiety scores (PSS scale), serum cortisol levels, and improved sleep quality and general well-being versus placebo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for physical performance, strength, and muscle recovery:\u003c\/strong\u003e Ashwagandha has a growing clinical evidence base for benefits in physical performance, especially in the context of resistance training. The study by Wankhede et al. (2015), published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, with 57 young men in resistance training for 8 weeks, documented that ashwagandha supplementation (300 mg 2x\/day) significantly increased muscle strength (1RM bench press and leg press), body composition (greater muscle mass gain and greater body fat reduction) and muscle recovery (lower markers of muscle damage), compared to placebo. With the HSN 10:1 extract dose of 1200 mg\/day (equivalent to 12,000 mg of native root), the withanolide dose (102 mg\/day) is substantially higher than those used in the studies, which theoretically translates into a more comprehensive coverage of the documented effects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupport for sleep, male libido, and thyroid function:\u003c\/strong\u003e In addition to adaptogenic effects and physical performance, ashwagandha has specific clinical evidence bases in additional contexts: support for sleep quality (effect documented in studies with adults with subclinical insomnia), support for male sexual function and testosterone levels (via modulation of cortisol levels, which has a suppressive effect on testosterone production; and potential stimulation of androgen production via modulation of the HPG axis), and support for thyroid function (studies document increases in T3 and T4 levels in contexts of subclinical hypothyroidism). The daily dose of 3 capsules (1200 mg of extract) covers a broader temporal spectrum throughout the day, with 1 capsule in the morning, 1 at lunch, and 1 at dinner.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10:1 extraction ratio: 10 times more concentrated than the native root:\u003c\/strong\u003e The 10:1 extraction ratio means that 10 parts of native Withania somnifera root were needed to produce 1 part of the concentrated extract. This implies that each 400 mg capsule of extract is equivalent, in terms of volume of raw material used, to 4000 mg of native root, and that the daily dose of 3 capsules is equivalent to 12,000 mg (12 g) of root. This high concentration allows the doses of withanolides documented as effective in clinical studies to be obtained in a much smaller number of capsules than would be necessary with lower concentration extracts or native root powder.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule 3 times a day with meals (total: 3 capsules\/day = 1200 mg extract\/day = 12,000 mg native root equivalent\/day = 102 mg withanolides\/day). Taking with meals improves gastrointestinal tolerance. Adaptogenic effects are cumulative and typically noticeable after 2 to 4 weeks of continued use, with maximum benefits documented after 6 to 8 weeks of regular supplementation.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357693275,"sku":null,"price":14.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-EXTRATODEASHWAGANDHA_10-1_400mg.webp?v=1777499665"},{"product_id":"product_979abf42-77ce-4fd7-8dba-460d31e059a1","title":"HSN - EVOBURN | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eEvoburn from HSN's SportSeries range is the most iconic stimulant thermogenic\/fat burner in the HSN catalog, with over a decade on the market and an exclusive formula combining 13 active compounds in vegetable capsules: highly concentrated and standardised plant extracts (Guarana, Green Tea with EGCG, Yerba Mate, microencapsulated Cayenne, Bitter Orange with p-synephrine, Cocoa, Coleus forskohlii with forskolin, White Willow, Grapefruit), L-Carnitine L-Tartrate (2:1), L-Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate, Natural Anhydrous Caffeine from green coffee, and Choline Bitartrate, with Zinc and L-Phenylalanine. The daily dose of 6 capsules (3 in the morning + 3 at midday) provides 218.4 mg of total caffeine from multiple natural sources (guarana, green tea, yerba mate + pure anhydrous caffeine from green coffee). Product for daytime use only, not recommended after 4 pm. Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e218.4 mg of total caffeine from multiple natural sources: balanced stimulation with prolonged effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e The choice to combine caffeine from multiple natural sources (guarana, green tea, yerba mate) with pure anhydrous caffeine is not random: each of these sources has a different phytochemical matrix that modulates the absorption and release rate of caffeine. Guarana has a protein and tannin matrix that slows down caffeine absorption, resulting in a more gradual onset of action and a more prolonged effect than pure anhydrous caffeine. Green tea simultaneously provides caffeine and EGCG (which has thermogenic properties independent of caffeine). Yerba mate contains mateine (caffeine with different bonds to tannins that makes its absorption slower), in addition to theophylline and theobromine. The combination results in a more sustained and balanced absorption profile and stimulating effect than an equivalent single dose of anhydrous caffeine, without the sharp peaks and drops associated with pure caffeine. This multi-source approach is one of Evoburn's quality hallmarks compared to most thermogenics on the market that simply add a high dose of synthetic anhydrous caffeine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEGCG from green tea (15%): the catechin with the highest thermogenic and lipotropic activity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Green tea extract (8:1, 50% polyphenols, 30% catechins, 15% EGCG) is standardised to guarantee a minimum content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most studied catechin in green tea and the one with the highest documented thermogenic and lipotropic activity. EGCG acts primarily by inhibiting the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme, which is responsible for the degradation of catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline) in peripheral tissues. By inhibiting COMT, EGCG prolongs the thermogenic and lipolytic effect of catecholamines released during physical exercise and by the sympathetic nervous system. Meta-analytic studies document that the EGCG + caffeine combination increases energy expenditure by 80 to 180 kcal\/day and increases fat oxidation by 10 to 16%, being the most well-documented combination in natural thermogenics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroencapsulated Cayenne (2.25% capsaicin): thermogenesis via TRPV1 receptors:\u003c\/strong\u003e Microencapsulated cayenne extract (Capsicum annuum) (a technique that slows the release of capsaicin to prevent acute gastric irritation, in contrast to conventional unencapsulated cayenne extracts) is standardised to 2.25% capsaicin. Capsaicin is the pungent compound responsible for the heat sensation of chilli peppers, which exerts thermogenic activity via activation of TRPV1 receptors (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) in white adipose tissue, stimulating the release of local noradrenaline that promotes lipolysis in adipocytes. Clinical studies with capsaicin document modest but consistent increases in postprandial energy expenditure (50 to 100 kcal\/day) and appetite reduction via gastric satiety mechanisms. The microencapsulation used in Evoburn is technologically superior to conventional capsaicin by allowing passage through the gastric area without causing irritation, releasing it only in the small intestine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Synephrine from bitter orange (30%): mild adrenergic agonist with a superior safety profile to ephedrine:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bitter orange extract (Citrus aurantium, 30% p-synephrine) provides p-synephrine, a sympathomimetic adrenergic alkaloid that shares the same mechanism of action as endogenous catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline) by being an agonist of β-3 adrenergic receptors. β-3 receptors are mainly present in adipose tissue and are responsible for activating lipolysis (mobilisation of fatty acids from adipose tissue into circulation). Unlike ephedrine (which has been banned in many countries due to cardiovascular risks), p-synephrine has a selective affinity for β-3 receptors with much lower affinity for β-1 (cardiac) receptors, which gives it a much more favourable cardiovascular safety profile. The combination of p-synephrine with EGCG and caffeine is considered the classic triad of natural thermogenics, with documented synergy between the three compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eForskolin from Coleus forskohlii (50%): activation of adenylate cyclase and increase in intracellular cAMP:\u003c\/strong\u003e Coleus forskohlii extract (10:1, 50% forskolin) provides forskolin, a diterpenoid that directly activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase (independently of adrenergic receptors), increasing intracellular levels of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). cAMP is the second messenger that activates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of triglycerides in adipocytes and the release of fatty acids into circulation. This mechanism of adenylate cyclase activation is synergistic with the adrenergic mechanisms of p-synephrine and caffeine, and potentially complementary to the COMT inhibitory mechanism of EGCG.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-Carnitine L-Tartrate (2:1): lipotropic for fatty acid transport for mitochondrial β-oxidation:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-Carnitine L-Tartrate (2:1) is one of the forms of L-carnitine with the highest oral bioavailability. L-carnitine is essential for the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane (via the carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and II system), being the rate-limiting step of mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids. Without sufficient L-carnitine, fatty acids mobilised from adipose tissue by thermogenic mechanisms (capsaicin, p-synephrine, forskolin) cannot enter the mitochondria to be oxidised as fuel. L-carnitine thus acts as the \"transporter\" that ensures that mobilised fatty acids effectively reach the site of oxidation, maximising the efficiency of the lipolysis + oxidation process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaringin from grapefruit (95%), salicin from white willow (50%) and theobromine from cocoa (6%): complementary bioactive compounds:\u003c\/strong\u003e Naringin from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi, 95% naringin) is a flavonoid with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, which can increase the bioavailability of other Evoburn compounds metabolised by this hepatic enzyme (including p-synephrine). Salicin from white willow (Salix alba, 50% salicin) is a precursor of salicylic acid, which has anti-inflammatory properties relevant for supporting muscle recovery in the context of intense training during cutting phases. Theobromine from cocoa (6% of the 10:1 extract) is a xanthine stimulant with a milder and more prolonged action than caffeine, with complementary vasodilatory and lipotropic properties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 3 capsules in the morning and 3 capsules at midday with meals (total: 6 capsules\/day = 218.4 mg caffeine\/day). Do not take after 4 pm to avoid interfering with sleep. Take preferably with meals to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal discomfort (especially from capsaicin and caffeine on an empty stomach).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCycles:\u003c\/strong\u003e According to HSN, based on the latest scientific evidence, there is no need for cyclic breaks (cycling) with Evoburn, as recent studies have not shown desensitisation to its effects with continuous use.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357726043,"sku":null,"price":19.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-EVOBURN.webp?v=1777499333"},{"product_id":"product_d4788c2d-cf55-4209-8fb6-d2a064f9d794","title":"HSN - P-SYNEPHRINE | 120caps (60mg)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eP-Synephrine 60 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on bitter orange extract (Citrus aurantium) standardised to 30% p-synephrine, enriched with Zinc (citrate) and Chromium (picolinate). Each capsule provides 60 mg of pure p-synephrine, double the amount provided by most alternatives available on the market (typically 30 mg\/capsule), positioning HSN's P-Synephrine 60 mg as one of the most concentrated formulations available in food supplementation. P-synephrine is the main alkaloid of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine under the name \"Zhi Shi,\" and gained particular popularity as an ingredient in natural thermogenics after ephedrine was banned in the US in 2004. Dose: 1 capsule per day, preferably on an empty stomach. Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO, allergen-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Synephrine: the selective β-3 adrenergic agonist with a superior cardiovascular safety profile to ephedrine:\u003c\/strong\u003e P-synephrine is a phenethylamine alkaloid naturally present in various Citrus species, with a particular concentration in immature Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) fruits. Its molecular structure is related to endogenous catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), but with distinct pharmacological properties: p-synephrine is a selective agonist of β-3 adrenergic receptors, with much lower affinity for α-1, α-2, and β-1 receptors compared to ephedrine. This selectivity is the central pharmacological point that distinguishes p-synephrine from previous formulas with ephedrine: β-3 receptors are mainly present in white adipose tissue and are the mediators of lipolysis (mobilization of triglycerides from adipocytes into circulation as free fatty acids), while β-1 receptors (which ephedrine extensively activates) are the main cardiac receptors responsible for increasing heart rate and blood pressure. P-synephrine's β-3 selectivity gives it a much more favorable cardiovascular safety profile, with studies documenting no effects on heart rate and blood pressure at doses up to 100 mg.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60 mg per capsule: double the most common dose on the market, with only 1 capsule\/day:\u003c\/strong\u003e The 60 mg dose of p-synephrine per capsule is specifically relevant because it corresponds to the dose used in reference studies that documented the effects of p-synephrine on fat oxidation during exercise. The study by Gutiérrez-Hellín \u0026amp; Del Coso (2016), published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, with an acute p-synephrine dose equivalent to 2-3 mg\/kg body weight (which for a 70 kg adult corresponds to 140-210 mg, a higher dose than 60 mg\/capsule), documented significant increases in fat oxidation rate during exercise without effects on heart rate. The study by Ratamess et al. (2016), published in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition, documented that the combination of p-synephrine with caffeine increased metabolic and lipolytic responses during resistance training compared to p-synephrine or caffeine used alone, establishing the p-synephrine + caffeine synergy as one of the most evidence-supported combinations in thermogenics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDocumented mechanisms of action: lipolysis, thermogenesis, and appetite suppression:\u003c\/strong\u003e P-synephrine exerts its effects in the context of body weight management through three main mechanisms. Adrenergic lipolysis occurs through the activation of β-3 receptors in adipose tissue, which stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) to hydrolyze triglycerides from adipocytes, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol into circulation. These fatty acids become available as a substrate for mitochondrial oxidation in muscles during exercise. Thermogenesis results from the increased sympathetic tone mediated by the activation of adrenergic receptors, with an increase in basal metabolism and body temperature. Appetite suppression, documented in some studies, may result from the activation of the sympathetic system (which typically inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces appetite) and direct effects on appetite regulation centers in the hypothalamus.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc (zinc citrate): essential mineral with EFSA health claim for fatty acid metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Zinc included in the formula has an approved EFSA health claim specifically relevant in the context of this product: Zinc contributes to normal fatty acid metabolism. This function of Zinc in lipid metabolism is mediated by its participation as a cofactor for multiple enzymes in fatty acid oxidation and synthesis pathways. The combination of p-synephrine (which mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue) with Zinc (which supports normal fatty acid metabolism in mitochondria) creates a logically coherent nutritional synergy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChromium (chromium picolinate): support for carbohydrate metabolism and maintenance of normal blood glucose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Chromium has approved EFSA health claims that are especially relevant in contexts of caloric deficit and body definition: Chromium contributes to normal macronutrient metabolism and to the maintenance of normal blood glucose levels. In contexts of caloric deficit, maintaining stable blood glucose levels is important to avoid hunger spikes and functional hypoglycemia that can compromise adherence to the eating plan. Chromium picolinate is the form of Chromium with the highest oral bioavailability, enhancing insulin signaling and improving cellular sensitivity to insulin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100% natural origin of p-synephrine: directly from Citrus aurantium fruit:\u003c\/strong\u003e The p-synephrine used by HSN is exclusively of natural origin, extracted from Citrus aurantium fruit (it is not synthetic p-synephrine). This clarity of origin is relevant given that the supplement market has products with synthetic p-synephrine that may have different ratios between d- and l-synephrine enantiomers, with potentially distinct pharmacological profiles. The 20:1 Citrus aurantium extract standardised to 30% natural p-synephrine guarantees a complete phytochemical profile that includes, in addition to p-synephrine, other natural alkaloids of bitter orange (octopamine, N-methyltyramine) with minor synergistic properties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule daily, preferably on an empty stomach (30 minutes before the first meal or workout). Taking it on an empty stomach maximizes the absorption rate and bioavailability of p-synephrine, which is rapidly absorbed and reaches peak plasma levels 60 to 90 minutes after ingestion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergy with caffeine and EGCG:\u003c\/strong\u003e To maximize lipotropic effects during exercise, p-synephrine can be combined with caffeine and EGCG (green tea), which have complementary mechanisms of action and documented synergy. Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase (increasing cAMP and prolonging adrenergic signaling), EGCG inhibits COMT (prolonging the half-life of catecholamines), and p-synephrine directly activates β-3 adrenergic receptors. This triad forms the basis of the most well-documented natural thermogenics.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357758811,"sku":null,"price":19.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-P-SINEFRINA_60mg.webp?v=1777501527"},{"product_id":"product_be433a39-97f6-42b7-aca6-acfd8d6e6433","title":"HSN - KELP | 120caps (500mg)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eKelp 500 mg from HSN's EssentialSeries is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on Kelp (Ascophyllum nodosum) algae powder standardised to 0.065% Iodine, enriched with L-Selenomethionine. Kelp (also known as brown seaweed) is globally recognised as the natural food source with the highest concentration of available Iodine, significantly surpassing conventional terrestrial foods. Each 500 mg capsule of Ascophyllum nodosum provides approximately 325 µg of natural Iodine (216% of the European NRV of 150 µg), in its biologically integrated form within the algae matrix, and L-Selenomethionine as a source of Selenium, a trace element with an essential cofactor function in thyroid Iodine metabolism. HSN specifies that its Kelp is 100% GMO-free, which is relevant given that algae are in one of the highest risk groups for GMO contamination identified by entities such as the Non-GMO Project. Vegan, gluten-free, allergen-free. 1 capsule per day with a meal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIodine: the essential micronutrient for normal thyroid function with over 10 approved EFSA health claims:\u003c\/strong\u003e Iodine is an essential trace element that the human body cannot synthesise endogenously, and must be supplied through diet or supplementation. Iodine is the central element in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine): the thyroid gland captures circulating Iodine by active transport (via the sodium-iodide symporter, NIS), incorporates it into the tyrosine molecules of thyroglobulin (via thyroid peroxidase, TPO), and releases T3 and T4 hormones into systemic circulation. Thyroid hormones regulate the basal energy metabolism of virtually all body tissues, thermogenesis, neurological development (especially critical during gestation and the first years of life), cell differentiation and proliferation, and cardiovascular function. EFSA has approved health claims for Iodine covering: normal production of thyroid hormones and normal thyroid function, normal energy metabolism, normal cognitive function, normal functioning of the nervous system, normal psychological function, and normal skin maintenance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKelp (Ascophyllum nodosum): the algae with the highest concentration of natural Iodine in the plant kingdom:\u003c\/strong\u003e Kelp is the common name for various species of large brown seaweeds belonging to the order Laminariales. The species Ascophyllum nodosum (bladderwrack), used in this product, is an algae that grows on the rocky coasts of the North Atlantic (coasts of Iceland, Norway, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States), and accumulates Iodine from seawater through active concentration mechanisms that result in much higher Iodine concentrations in the algae than in the marine environment. The concentration of Iodine in Kelp algae is highly variable between species and batches, but HSN standardises its product to 0.065% Iodine (calculated based on the dry weight of the algae), ensuring a consistent and reproducible minimum Iodine content per capsule. Kelp is also naturally rich in other relevant minerals and bioactive compounds: alginates (polysaccharides with heavy metal chelating and blood sugar regulating properties), fucoidans (sulfated polysaccharides with immunomodulatory and antiviral properties), fucoxanthin (a carotenoid with antioxidant and lipotropic properties), and B vitamins, minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Fe) and amino acids.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-Selenomethionine: the essential cofactor of thyroid Iodine metabolism with proven synergy:\u003c\/strong\u003e L-Selenomethionine is the organic form of Selenium with the highest oral bioavailability (significantly higher than sodium selenite or sodium selenate, the conventional inorganic forms). The inclusion of Selenium in HSN's Kelp formula is a formulation decision based on the biochemistry of thyroid function: deiodinase (the enzyme responsible for converting T4 into active T3 in peripheral tissues) is a selenoprotein, meaning an enzyme that contains Selenium in its active site as selenocysteine. Without sufficient Selenium, deiodinase cannot efficiently convert T4 (which is the storage form of thyroid hormones, produced by the thyroid) into T3 (the active form that exerts metabolic effects in tissues). Thus, Selenium deficiency compromises the biological action of thyroid hormones even when Iodine is available in sufficient quantity. The combination of Iodine (via Kelp) + Selenium (via L-Selenomethionine) covers the two most critical micronutrients for complete thyroid function, in a biologically coherent nutritional synergy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEFSA approved health claims for Selenium in thyroid and reproductive function:\u003c\/strong\u003e Selenium has specific EFSA approved health claims for: normal thyroid function, normal spermatogenesis, protection of cells from oxidative stress, normal hair and nail maintenance, and normal immune system function. The health claims for normal thyroid function of Selenium and Iodine are complementary and mutually reinforce the coherence of the combination of these two micronutrients in this formula.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIodine from natural source versus inorganic iodine: the integrated form of algae in the organic matrix:\u003c\/strong\u003e The Iodine present in Kelp is integrated into the organic matrix of the algae, mainly in the form of iodotyrosines (organic iodine compounds linked to tyrosine residues in algae proteins), in contrast to the inorganic Iodine in conventional supplements (potassium iodide, potassium iodate). Although the bioavailability of Kelp Iodine is similar to that of inorganic Iodine in individuals with normal thyroid function, the natural matrix of the algae simultaneously provides other bioactive compounds (alginates, fucoidans, fucoxanthin) that are not present in isolated inorganic Iodine forms, making Kelp a nutritionally more complete and holistic source of Iodine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIodine and energy metabolism: the connection between thyroid hormones and basal metabolism:\u003c\/strong\u003e Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, whose production depends on Iodine, regulate basal energy metabolism by stimulating the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the Krebs cycle and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In situations of hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormones, often caused by Iodine deficiency in areas without regular access to seafood), basal metabolism decreases significantly, causing fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, constipation, dry skin, and cognitive slowness. Iodine supplementation via Kelp, in people with Iodine deficiency, restores normal thyroid hormone production and, consequently, normal energy metabolism, contributing to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule daily with a meal. Taking it with a meal improves Iodine absorption and reduces the risk of gastrointestinal irritation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFor vegetarians and vegans:\u003c\/strong\u003e Kelp is especially relevant for people following vegetarian and vegan diets, given that the main dietary sources of Iodine in the Western diet are dairy products (milk, yogurt), eggs, and fish\/seafood, which are excluded from vegan diets. Enriched bread and cereals are complementary sources, but insufficient for many vegans. Kelp is the plant-based source of Iodine par excellence, making this supplement especially valuable in the vegan context.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357824347,"sku":null,"price":12.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-KELP_500mg.webp?v=1777500164"},{"product_id":"product_cb0b8272-ed9d-45ae-b4e6-a12d83e5935c","title":"HSN - DAILY TWO MULTIVITAMIN","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDaily Two Multivitamin from HSN's EssentialSeries line is a dietary supplement in vegetable capsules that provides a full spectrum of vitamins and minerals in just 2 capsules per day. The formula includes all B vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7\/Biotin, B9\/Folate, B12), Vitamin C, D3 (from lichen, vegan), E (natural), K2 (natural menaquinone-7), A (stabilized retinyl acetate), and an extended panel of minerals and trace elements in their most bioavailable forms: Magnesium (citrate), Calcium (tricalcium phosphate), Zinc, Copper, and Manganese (bisglycinate chelates), Selenium (L-selenomethionine), Chromium (picolinate), Molybdenum (sodium molybdate), Boron (disodium tetraborate, nutritional borax), and dual Silicon (Bambusa bambos bamboo extract + choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid). The formula also includes Citicoline (not conventional choline bitartrate, but the premium form of choline), and Folic Acid is in the form of Calcium L-Methylfolate (the metabolically active, bioactive form for MTHFR polymorphism carriers). Vegan, gluten-free, non-GMO. Available in two versions: with Iron (Ferrochel™ bisglycinate) + Iodine (150 µg), and without Iron and without Iodine. Sizes: 60, 120, and 240 capsules.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFull vitamin spectrum in highly bioavailable and stable forms: the formulation difference that sets Daily Two apart:\u003c\/strong\u003e Most multivitamins on the market use the cheapest forms of vitamins and minerals, which often have much lower bioavailability than premium forms. HSN's Daily Two adopts a stance of transparency and formulation quality that clearly distinguishes it: Vitamin B12 is in the form of methylcobalamin (the active coenzymatic form, superior to cyanocobalamin in absorption and direct utilization by the body); Folic Acid (B9) is in the form of Calcium L-Methylfolate (5-MTHF, the biologically active form, which does not require enzymatic conversion by MTHFR and is therefore the available form for people with MTHFR C677T polymorphism, common in the European population); Vitamin A is in the form of retinyl acetate (the stabilized ester of retinol, with much greater oxidative stability than conventional retinol); natural Vitamin E is D-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (the natural esterified form, with greater stability and bioavailability comparable to the free form); Vitamin K2 is menaquinone-7 (MK-7, the form with the longest plasma half-life and most studied for bone and cardiovascular health); Vitamin D3 is cholecalciferol from lichen (the only certified vegan source of natural D3).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinerals and trace elements in maximum bioavailability: bisglycinate chelates and certified organic forms:\u003c\/strong\u003e Daily Two uses bisglycinate chelates (Zinc, Copper, and Manganese) instead of the cheap oxides and sulfates used in low-quality multivitamins. Bisglycinate chelates are formed by two glycine amino acids that coordinate the metal ion, creating a stable structure that crosses the intestinal mucosa via a dipeptidic absorption mechanism with much less influence from inhibitory factors (phytates, oxalates, other competing minerals). Selenium in the form of L-selenomethionine has higher bioavailability than sodium selenite. Chromium in the form of picolinate is the most studied for glucose metabolism. Molybdenum as sodium molybdate is the most bioavailable form. Magnesium as citrate has higher bioavailability than conventional magnesium oxide (one of the most dishonest practices in the multivitamin market, where many products use magnesium oxide, which has less than 4% oral bioavailability, as a \"magnesium source\").\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCiticoline: the premium form of choline with additional benefits for cognitive function:\u003c\/strong\u003e Most multivitamins that include choline use choline bitartrate, the most basic and cheapest form. HSN's Daily Two uses citicoline (CDP-choline, cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine), which is technologically the most advanced form of choline available. Citicoline simultaneously provides choline (for the synthesis of acetylcholine and membrane phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine) and cytidine (a nucleoside precursor of uridine, which is metabolically active in the central nervous system). Citicoline has specific clinical evidence for supporting cognitive function and neuroprotection, being clinically used in contexts of stroke and cognitive decline.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDual Silicon: bamboo extract (Bambusa bambos) + choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid:\u003c\/strong\u003e Daily Two includes two distinct sources of Silicon, the trace element responsible for collagen synthesis and maturation, bone mineralization, and skin, hair, and nail health. Bambusa bambos exudate (41% Silicon, from the bamboo layer) provides Silicon in the form of natural inorganic orthosilicate, and choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) is the organic form of Silicon with the highest documented bioavailability, with specific clinical studies for improving hair, skin, and nail health. The dual combination of two Silicon sources with complementary absorption mechanisms is a distinctive formulation approach not found in conventional multivitamins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoron (disodium tetraborate decahydrate): the forgotten trace element with relevant metabolic functions:\u003c\/strong\u003e Boron is a trace element that most multivitamins do not include, despite having documented metabolic functions: modulation of steroid metabolism (including testosterone, estrogen, and vitamin D), support for bone health (via influence on magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus retention), and a possible role in cognitive function. Daily Two includes Boron in the form of disodium tetraborate decahydrate (nutritional borax), the most recognized form of nutritional quality for this trace element.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin A as retinyl acetate: the stabilized form more rarely used by the industry:\u003c\/strong\u003e Most multivitamins use retinol or beta-carotene as a source of Vitamin A. Daily Two uses retinyl acetate, the stabilized ester of retinol, which has significantly greater oxidative stability: free retinol oxidizes easily in the presence of light, heat, and oxygen, losing potency over its shelf life, while retinyl acetate maintains its potency much more stably. Additional microencapsulation further protects the compound during storage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTwo versions for different needs: with or without Iron and Iodine:\u003c\/strong\u003e Daily Two is available in two distinct versions to cover different user profiles. The version with Iron (Ferrochel™ bisglycinate, the most bioavailable chelated iron form with less gastrointestinal irritation) and Iodine (150 µg, 100% of NRV) is the complete formulation for people without specific conditions. The version without Iron and without Iodine is suitable for people who already supplement these substances separately (for example, with Kelp 500 mg for Iodine), people with hemochromatosis or high iron levels, people with thyroid diseases where iodine intake must be controlled, or people who take other supplements that already provide adequate amounts of iron and iodine. The \"2 per day\" format has the additional advantage of being usable in half doses (1 capsule\/day) for those who already have a micronutrient-rich diet and only want minimal support.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 2 capsules per day, preferably at the same time, with one of the main meals (breakfast or lunch). Taking it with meals improves the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K2) and minerals. For those who prefer a lower dose, you can take 1 capsule per day (half the recommended dose), especially if your diet is already varied and balanced.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357889883,"sku":null,"price":27.26,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-DAILYTWOMULTIVITAMINICO.webp?v=1777499017"},{"product_id":"product_157cea6d-9ee3-4e70-ac7e-bc14d859454f","title":"HSN - LIQUID VITAMIN D3 | 30ml","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Liquid Vitamin D3 is a dietary supplement in dropper format, based on natural cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) (from lanolin, derived from sheep's wool), suspended in a safflower oil base with a natural antioxidant (extract rich in tocopherols). Each drop provides 25 µg (1000 IU) of pure Vitamin D3, in a highly concentrated and convenient liquid format that eliminates the need to take capsules or tablets. Just one drop per day directly into the mouth, with breakfast, in a glass of water, or mixed into any food, with no perceptible taste. The formula is extremely clean: only three ingredients (safflower oil, tocopherol extract, and cholecalciferol), no sweeteners, no artificial flavors, no aesthetic additives. Suitable for vegetarian diets. 30 ml bottle with integrated dosing dropper.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin D3 (cholecalciferol): the most effective form of Vitamin D with over 10 approved EFSA health claims:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin D exists in two main forms: ergocalciferol (D2, plant\/fungal origin) and cholecalciferol (D3, animal or lichen origin). Comparative studies, including the meta-analysis by Tripkovic et al. (2012) published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition with 32 studies and 2727 participants, show that cholecalciferol (D3) is approximately 87% more effective than ergocalciferol (D2) in raising and maintaining plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D, the marker of vitamin D status), and is also more potent in reducing the incidence of deficiency. EFSA has approved health claims for Vitamin D in multiple physiological categories: it contributes to the normal absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus; it contributes to normal blood calcium levels; it contributes to the maintenance of normal bones; it contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth; it contributes to normal muscle function; it contributes to the normal function of the immune system; it plays a role in the process of cell division; it contributes to the normal function of the immune system in children; it helps to reduce the risk of falling associated with postural instability and muscle weakness (in adults over 60). This broad range of physiological functions makes Vitamin D one of the supplements with the highest documented benefit\/dose ratio in current scientific literature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin D deficiency in Europe: a widespread public health problem with structural causes:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin D is synthesized in the skin by the action of the sun's UVB rays, but the capacity for cutaneous synthesis is limited by multiple factors that accumulate in modern European life. Portugal's geographical latitude (38° to 42° N) means that from October to March, the sun's UVB rays reach the earth's surface at too oblique an angle to stimulate cutaneous Vitamin D synthesis, even on sunny days. The widespread use of sunscreen (which blocks UVB), the tendency to remain indoors (office work, commuting by car), and clothing coverage that limits skin exposure to the sun throughout the year drastically reduce cutaneous synthesis even in months of higher radiation. On the other hand, Vitamin D is scarce in food: the main dietary sources are fatty fish (salmon, tuna, sardines), eggs, and fortified dairy products, but in quantities that rarely cover daily needs without supplementation. European prevalence studies indicate that 40 to 70% of the European adult population has 25(OH)D levels below 50 nmol\/L (20 ng\/ml), the threshold generally considered sufficient for most physiological functions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLanolin: natural source of animal-derived Vitamin D3 with a pharmacological profile identical to that produced by human skin:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe cholecalciferol used in this product is extracted from lanolin, the waxy substance produced by the sebaceous glands in sheep's wool. When exposed to UV radiation, lanolin (which contains 7-dehydrocholesterol, the same precursor to Vitamin D3 found in human skin) synthesizes cholecalciferol by photolysis, using exactly the same photochemical mechanism that occurs in human skin. Cholecalciferol obtained from lanolin is chemically identical to that produced by human skin and to cholecalciferol obtained from other animal sources. It is suitable for vegetarian diets (since lanolin is derived from sheep's wool shearing, without the need to slaughter the animal, analogous to honey produced by bees), but not for vegan diets. For vegans, HSN offers capsule versions of Vitamin D3 where cholecalciferol is derived from lichen (the only natural plant source of D3).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSafflower oil as a fat-soluble vehicle: the superior technical choice for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eVitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning that its intestinal absorption requires the simultaneous presence of fats in the gastrointestinal tract for efficient absorption: fatty acids stimulate biliary secretion and the activation of pancreatic lipases that form the lipid micelles necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Suspending cholecalciferol in a lipid oil (in this case, safflower oil) ensures that the vitamin is pre-dissolved in a lipid matrix that immediately facilitates its incorporation into micelles, regardless of the fat content of the meal with which it is taken. HSN justifies the choice of safflower oil specifically over other alternatives: water degrades cholecalciferol over time; alcohol evaporates and creates stability problems; olive oil has an intense taste that can be unpleasant and degrades more quickly; safflower oil is stable at room temperature (does not solidify in winter, unlike some oils), colorless, has no perceptible taste, has good oxidative stability, and does not easily peroxidize. The extract rich in tocopherols (natural Vitamin E) is included as an antioxidant to protect cholecalciferol and safflower oil against oxidation over the product's shelf life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1 drop = 25 µg = 1000 IU: safe and effective standard dose for daily maintenance:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe dose of 1000 IU (25 µg) per drop corresponds to the most frequently recommended daily maintenance dose for adults with insufficient sun exposure at European latitudes. For reference: the European Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) for Vitamin D is 5 µg (200 IU), but this reference is widely considered outdated and insufficient for maintaining adequate plasma levels of 25(OH)D. The Linus Pauling Institute, the Endocrine Society, and many European national guidelines recommend 1500 to 2000 IU\/day as a maintenance dose for adults without adequate sun exposure, with therapeutic doses of 4000 to 10000 IU\/day (always under medical supervision) for correcting documented deficiencies. The drop format allows total dosing flexibility: 1 drop (1000 IU), 2 drops (2000 IU), 4 drops (4000 IU), or any other dose, adapted to individual needs determined by laboratory analysis of 25(OH)D levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiquid drop format: maximum practicality and flexibility for all user profiles:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe drop format has specific practical advantages that distinguish it from conventional capsule or tablet formats. It can be taken directly into the mouth (sublingual ingestion for partially faster transmucosal absorption), added to morning coffee or tea, mixed into a protein shake, or added to any food without altering its taste (safflower oil is colorless and tasteless). It is especially suitable for people who have difficulty swallowing capsules, for children (with dose adjustment by a healthcare professional), and for those who prefer to minimize the number of solid supplements. The integrated dropper allows for precise and reproducible dosing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 drop per day (= 25 µg \/ 1000 IU of Vitamin D3) directly into the mouth or added to any food or drink. It can be taken at any time of day, with or without a meal (since the safflower oil in the formula already ensures the necessary lipid matrix for absorption).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Store in a cool, dry place (8 to 25°C), in the tightly closed original packaging. Do not expose to direct sunlight. After opening, keep the cap tightly closed.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357955419,"sku":null,"price":10.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/HSN-VITAMINAD3LIQUIDA.webp?v=1777503954"},{"product_id":"product_66ddb3a9-894c-474f-990a-5100073ec352","title":"HSN - VITAMIN D3 1000 IU | 120caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eHSN's EssentialSeries Vitamin D3 1000 IU is a food supplement in softgels based on cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) of natural origin (lanolin, derived from sheep's wool), suspended in flaxseed oil as a fat-soluble vehicle. Each softgel provides 25 µg (1000 IU) of pure Vitamin D3, at the most commonly used standard daily maintenance dose for adults with insufficient sun exposure in European latitudes. A clean formula with only four ingredients: flaxseed oil, cholecalciferol, gelatin (capsule), and glycerine. No aesthetic additives, no flavourings, no sweeteners. Suitable for vegetarian diets (not vegan: animal gelatin + lanolin). Dose: 1 softgel per day. Available in 60 and 120 softgels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCholecalciferol (D3): the most proven effective form of Vitamin D for increasing plasma 25(OH)D levels:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) is the form physiologically produced by human skin through the action of solar UVB rays, and the most effective form of Vitamin D supplementation to raise and maintain plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, the reference marker of Vitamin D status in the body. The meta-analysis by Tripkovic et al. (2012), published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, showed that cholecalciferol (D3) is approximately 87% more effective than ergocalciferol (D2) at increasing plasma 25(OH)D levels, with D3 being the form recommended by the vast majority of international supplementation guidelines. After oral ingestion, cholecalciferol is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of lipid micelles formed by fatty acids from flaxseed oil, transported to the liver where it is converted into 25(OH)D (calcidiol, the storage form and analytical marker), and subsequently converted in the kidneys (and in other peripheral tissues) into the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), which exerts its effects through nuclear VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) receptors present in almost all cell types in the body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVitamin D deficiency in Portugal and Europe: prevalence, structural causes and health impact:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eDespite Portugal having one of the best sun exposure conditions in Western Europe, studies on the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in Portuguese adults reveal worrying values: studies conducted in the adult Portuguese population document that 30 to 50% of adults have 25(OH)D levels below 50 nmol\/L (20 ng\/ml) during autumn and winter months, and a significant proportion maintain insufficient levels even during summer months. The structural causes are common to all modern Europe: indoor work environments with minimal sun exposure during working hours, widespread use of sunscreen during months of higher insolation, increasing preference for indoor activities, and a dietary pattern where food sources rich in Vitamin D (fatty fish, egg yolk, fortified dairy products) are not consumed in sufficient quantity to cover daily needs. The consequences of chronic Vitamin D deficiency are multisystemic: increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures (via reduced intestinal calcium absorption), increased susceptibility to respiratory infections (Vitamin D modulates innate immunity by inducing antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin), muscle weakness and pain, and an epidemiological association with increased risk of autoimmune, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMore than 10 EFSA health claims approved for Vitamin D:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe EFSA has approved health claims covering an exceptional physiological spectrum for Vitamin D: it contributes to normal absorption and utilisation of calcium and phosphorus; it contributes to normal blood calcium levels; it contributes to the maintenance of normal bones; it contributes to the maintenance of normal teeth; it contributes to normal muscle function; it contributes to the normal function of the immune system (in both adults and children); it plays a role in the process of cell division; and it helps to reduce the risk of falling associated with postural instability and muscle weakness in adults over 60. The latter is of particular clinical relevance given that falls in older adults are one of the main causes of hospitalisation and severe morbidity in the European population over 65 years old.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlaxseed oil as a fat-soluble vehicle: optimised absorption of fat-soluble Vitamin D:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eFlaxseed oil is used as a fat-soluble vehicle for cholecalciferol in this softgel formulation. Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin that requires a lipid matrix to be efficiently absorbed in the intestine: the fatty acids from flaxseed oil stimulate bile secretion and the activation of pancreatic lipases, which form the lipid micelles necessary to incorporate cholecalciferol and transport it to the intestinal mucosa. By pre-dissolving cholecalciferol in flaxseed oil within the softgel, HSN ensures that the vitamin is in a lipid matrix ready for absorption, which is especially relevant for people who take the supplement outside of meals (on an empty stomach or between low-fat meals). Flaxseed oil also has its own nutritional interest, being rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, vegetable omega-3), although the quantity present in a single softgel is negligible.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1000 IU (25 µg): the most suitable standard maintenance dose for daily use:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe dose of 1000 IU per softgel represents the balance point between safety, efficacy, and practicality for daily use without medical supervision. Most European public health guidelines recommend 1000 to 2000 IU\/day as a maintenance dose for adults with insufficient sun exposure, which can be easily obtained with 1 to 2 softgels\/day of this formulation. For safety reference: the maximum tolerable intake level (UL) established by EFSA for adults is 100 µg (4000 IU)\/day with continuous daily use, which means that the dose of 1000 IU\/day represents only 25% of the UL, with a wide safety margin. The small-sized softgel format is easy to swallow and suitable for regular long-term daily use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFormula with only 4 ingredients: clean label with a focus on essentials:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eFlaxseed oil, cholecalciferol, gelatin (capsule), and glycerine. This formulational simplicity is a deliberate feature of HSN's EssentialSeries range: to eliminate all unnecessary ingredients and focus exclusively on the functional components. No titanium dioxide (a common white colouring agent in gelatin capsules), no unnecessary flow excipients, no preservatives.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 softgel per day, preferably with a meal that contains some fat (breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to maximise the absorption of fat-soluble Vitamin D. Taking it with meals containing dietary fats enhances the formation of lipid micelles and increases intestinal absorption compared to taking it on an empty stomach.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"HSN","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705357988187,"sku":null,"price":8.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/1_32eec6b1-982e-42c2-adab-34c19e247163.png?v=1780699066"},{"product_id":"product_b5a05a41-c9db-43f5-8b09-e334ad52d676","title":"Life Pro - BETA ALANINE 1000 | 90caps","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLife Pro Nutrition's Beta-Alanine 1000 is a food supplement in vegetable capsules based on 100% pure, natural, free-form beta-alanine, with 1000 mg per capsule. Each daily dose of 3 capsules provides 3000 mg of pure beta-alanine, within the dosage range most widely supported by scientific evidence (1600 to 6400 mg\/day) for the gradual saturation of carnosine in skeletal muscle and the improvement of performance in high-intensity exercise. The formula is minimalist: beta-alanine + magnesium stearate (anti-caking agent) + HPMC capsule. Vegan, clean label, manufactured in Spanish laboratories in compliance with European Union quality standards. 90 capsules per pack (30 daily doses). Dose: 3 capsules\/day, 2 before training and 1 at another time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBeta-alanine: the only muscle carnosine precursor with robust clinical evidence for improving performance in high-intensity exercise:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBeta-alanine is a non-essential amino acid (synthesized endogenously in the liver from ureidopropionate, a metabolite of uracil degradation) that functions as the main limiting factor for carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) synthesis in skeletal muscle. Carnosine is a dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and histidine, and the intracellular beta-alanine concentration is the rate-limiting step of its synthesis: even if histidine is available in abundance, the rate of carnosine synthesis is determined by the availability of beta-alanine. Oral beta-alanine supplementation increases plasma and muscle beta-alanine concentrations, which in turn stimulate carnosine synthetase (the enzyme responsible for carnosine synthesis in muscle) to produce more carnosine. Studies document that supplementation of 3.2 to 6.4 g\/day for 4 to 10 weeks increases muscle carnosine concentration by 40 to 80% above baseline values.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe intramuscular pH buffering mechanism: how carnosine delays fatigue in high-intensity exercise:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe central physiological mechanism by which carnosine improves performance in high-intensity exercise is intramuscular pH buffering. During high-intensity anaerobic exercise (sprints, maximum repetition sets, high-intensity interval training\/HIIT), anaerobic glycolysis produces pyruvate in excess of what can be oxidized by mitochondria, and the excess is converted to lactate. This conversion is associated with the accumulation of hydrogen ions (H+) in the muscle cytosol, resulting in progressive intracellular acidosis (a drop in intracellular pH from 7.0 to 6.4-6.6) which directly inhibits glycolytic enzymes (especially phosphofructokinase, the central regulatory enzyme of glycolysis), reduces the sensitivity of actin and myosin myofilaments to calcium (affecting muscle contraction capacity), and contributes to the sensation of acute muscle fatigue that forces a reduction in intensity or cessation of exercise. Carnosine has a pKa of 6.83 (very close to intracellular pH during high-intensity exercise), making it an exceptionally effective intracellular buffer in this pH range: it neutralizes accumulated H+, slowing the drop in intracellular pH and prolonging the time the muscle can maintain effort intensity before reaching the acidosis limit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsolidated clinical evidence: meta-analyses document performance improvement in 1 to 4 minute exercises:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe meta-analysis by Hobson et al. (2012), published in Amino Acids with 15 studies and 360 participants, documents that beta-alanine supplementation produces significant and consistent improvements in performance in exercises lasting 1 to 4 minutes of sustained maximum effort, which is precisely the time window in which metabolic fatigue due to intracellular acidosis has the greatest limiting impact. This improvement translates concretely into: a higher number of repetitions performed to muscle failure in high-intensity strength training sets; greater distance covered in maximum effort performance tests lasting 1 to 4 minutes (200 to 1500 meters in swimming, running, and cycling); and greater average power maintained during constant effort cycling tests. The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position statement on beta-alanine (Trexler et al., 2015) classifies it as one of the supplements with category A scientific evidence for improving sports performance, alongside creatine and caffeine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProgressive accumulation: effects depend on carnosine saturation over weeks, not immediate acute effect:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eUnlike caffeine or creatine (whose effects can be perceived acutely in the first week of use), beta-alanine works by progressive accumulation: the increase in muscle carnosine is gradual and continuous throughout the weeks of supplementation. Studies document that significant increases in muscle carnosine (20 to 30% above baseline) begin to be detectable after 2 to 4 weeks of regular supplementation, with maximum increases (40 to 80%) reached after 8 to 12 weeks. This progressive accumulation dynamic implies that beta-alanine should be taken daily (including on rest days without training, to maintain stable plasma beta-alanine levels and continue to stimulate carnosine synthesis) and that the benefits on sports performance become progressively more pronounced over time, rather than being immediately noticeable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParesthesia (tingling): the benign side effect that confirms the active dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOne of the most characteristic and frequently mentioned effects of beta-alanine supplementation is acute paresthesia: a tingling, warmth, or \"itching\" sensation on the skin, typically most intense on the face, neck, hands, and ears, which occurs 15 to 20 minutes after ingestion and lasts 60 to 90 minutes. This effect results from the activation of glutamic acid receptors (MrgprD) in cutaneous type C nerve fibers by circulating beta-alanine. Paresthesia is a benign, transient physiological effect with no health consequences, and is not associated with any documented cardiovascular or systemic risk. Its intensity is proportional to the ingested dose and the absorption rate: larger bolus doses (e.g., 3g at once) produce more intense paresthesia than the same fractionated dose. The 1000 mg capsule format, with the recommendation to take 2+1 capsules at different times (2 pre-workout + 1 at another time) instead of all 3 at once, was designed partly to mitigate the intensity of paresthesia by spreading the dose over time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFree-form beta-alanine: rapid absorption and maximum bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe beta-alanine used in this product is in free form (not bound to peptides or encapsulated in sustained-release systems), which ensures rapid intestinal absorption and peak plasma levels within 30 to 45 minutes after ingestion. This rapid absorption profile is responsible for the intensity of paresthesia but also for the rapid availability of beta-alanine to muscle tissues, especially in the pre-workout context where the time window between intake and the start of training is short.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 3 capsules daily, 2 of them before training (15 to 20 minutes before) and the 3rd at another time of day (with breakfast, lunch, or another meal). On rest days without training, take all 3 capsules spread throughout the day with meals to maintain stable plasma levels and continue to stimulate muscle carnosine synthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinimum recommended duration:\u003c\/strong\u003e Use for at least 4 weeks for noticeable performance results, and 8 to 12 weeks for maximum carnosine saturation and optimal benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergy with other supplements:\u003c\/strong\u003e Beta-alanine combines without incompatibility with creatine, caffeine, BCAAs, pre-workouts, and proteins. The combination with creatine is especially relevant given that the two supplements have complementary and independent mechanisms of action: creatine supports ATP resynthesis via phosphocreatine (especially in efforts of 5 to 30 seconds), while beta-alanine (via carnosine) buffers pH during efforts lasting 1 to 4 minutes.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Life Pro","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705358053723,"sku":null,"price":14.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/LifePro-Betalanine1000mg90Vcaps.png?v=1777504232"},{"product_id":"product_1728fd37-0b94-4487-8b7e-795e0a77cb5e","title":"Life Pro - GLUTATHIONE | 60 capsules","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLife Pro Nutrition's Reduced Glutathione is a food supplement in vegetable capsules (VCAPS) based on L-glutathione in its reduced form, the biologically active form of the human body's master antioxidant. Each capsule provides 250 mg of pure reduced L-glutathione. Glutathione (GSH, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: L-cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid (glutamate), and is considered the body's main endogenous antioxidant, present in all cells, playing a central role in protecting against oxidative stress, liver detoxification, immune system regulation, and maintaining other antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, CoQ10, alpha-lipoic acid) in their active forms. Dosage: 1 capsule per day. 60 capsules per pack (60 days). Vegan, lactose-free, gluten-free.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \"master antioxidant\": glutathione as the central hub of intracellular antioxidant defense:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eReduced glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular antioxidant in the human body, present in concentrations of 1 to 10 mmol\/L in the cytosol of cells, with the highest concentrations in the liver (where it exerts its most intense detoxifying functions), erythrocytes, lungs, and kidneys. Unlike exogenous antioxidants consumed through diet (Vitamin C, polyphenols, carotenoids), glutathione is synthesized endogenously by the cells themselves, making it the intracellular antioxidant system par excellence. What distinguishes it from other antioxidants is its position as a central hub in the antioxidant system: in addition to directly neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidases (GPx), the enzymes that eliminate lipid peroxides and hydrogen peroxide from tissues, and is the substrate for glutathione reductase, the enzyme that regenerates oxidized Vitamin C (dehydroascorbic acid) back to its active form (ascorbic acid) and maintains Vitamin E in its reduced and active form. In this way, glutathione not only acts as a direct antioxidant but also enhances and sustains the antioxidant action of all other antioxidants in the body: without sufficient glutathione, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, CoQ10, and alpha-lipoic acid cannot be regenerated to their active forms after neutralizing free radicals, becoming less effective.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduced form (GSH) vs. oxidized form (GSSG): only the reduced form is biologically active:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGlutathione exists in two interconvertible forms: the reduced form (GSH, with the free and reactive thiol group -SH) and the oxidized form (GSSG, glutathione disulfide, formed by two GSH residues linked by a disulfide bridge). Only the reduced form (GSH) is biologically active as an antioxidant: it is the thiol group (-SH) of cysteine that donates electrons to neutralize free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The intracellular GSH\/GSSG ratio is a sensitive marker of the cell's redox state: in healthy cells, more than 98% of total glutathione is in the reduced form (GSH), while in situations of high oxidative stress (such as intense physical exercise, chronic inflammation, or in disease contexts), the proportion of GSSG increases. Supplementation with glutathione in its reduced form ensures that the biologically active form is delivered directly to the body, without the need for prior enzymatic conversion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiver detoxification: glutathione as the main agent for conjugation and elimination of xenobiotics:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe liver is the organ with the highest concentration of glutathione in the body and the main site where it performs its detoxifying functions. Liver detoxification occurs in two phases: phase I (oxidation of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which often generates metabolites that are more reactive and potentially more toxic than the original compound) and phase II (conjugation of phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules such as glucuronate, sulfate, or glutathione to make them water-soluble and facilitate their excretion in bile or urine). Glutathione is one of the main phase II conjugating agents: glutathione-S-transferase (GST) catalyzes the covalent binding of GSH to a wide variety of electrophilic metabolites (including drug metabolites, pesticides, organic solvents, lipid peroxidation products) forming glutathione conjugates that are subsequently exported from the cell and eliminated from the body. This detoxifying function is particularly relevant for drug metabolism, for the elimination of heavy metals (such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, which form conjugates with glutathione), and for the elimination of carcinogenic compounds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImmune system: glutathione in lymphocyte proliferation and immune response regulation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGlutathione plays an essential role in the functioning of the immune system, especially in the function of T lymphocytes and NK (Natural Killer) cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells require high intracellular levels of GSH to proliferate adequately after antigenic stimulation and to exert their cytotoxic activity against virus-infected cells or tumor cells. GSH is necessary for the synthesis of leukotrienes (pro-inflammatory lipid mediators via 5-lipoxygenase, whose co-factor is GSH), for the production of acute phase proteins and regulatory cytokines, and for the regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) of lymphocytes after the immune response. Studies document that glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired immune response and increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe decline of glutathione with aging and factors that reduce endogenous levels:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGlutathione levels progressively decrease with aging: studies document that GSH levels in blood and tissues decrease by 30 to 40% between 30 and 70 years of age, contributing to the increase in oxidative stress associated with aging. In addition to aging, multiple factors reduce endogenous glutathione synthesis or increase its consumption: high-intensity physical exercise (which increases ROS production and GSH consumption in mitochondria), chronic stress (which activates the HPA axis and increases free radical production), exposure to pollutants, pesticides and heavy metals, alcohol consumption (which depletes hepatic GSH), poor diet (cysteine deficiency, the limiting amino acid for GSH synthesis), and various chronic diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases). Supplementation with reduced glutathione can compensate for these losses, especially in contexts of high oxidative stress.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSkin health and anti-aging properties: the mechanism of skin brightening and protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eGlutathione has been increasingly studied for its role in skin health. Its antioxidant activity protects keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts against oxidative damage caused by UV radiation, pollution, and intrinsic aging processes. Glutathione also modulates melanin synthesis (the skin pigment): studies document that GSH inhibits tyrosinase (the central enzyme in the melanin synthesis pathway), shifting the production from eumelanin (dark, brownish-black pigment) to pheomelanin (light, yellowish-red pigment), which results in a more uniform and luminous skin tone with continued use. This property has driven interest in oral glutathione as a \"skin brightening\" and anti-aging supplement, in addition to its broader systemic benefits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dosage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 1 capsule per day, preferably on an empty stomach or with a light meal (to maximize absorption, as the presence of food may compete with intestinal absorption of glutathione). The benefits are progressive and depend on continuous regular use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynergy with other supplements:\u003c\/strong\u003e Glutathione enhances and is enhanced by Vitamin C (which regenerates it from the oxidized to the reduced form), alpha-lipoic acid (which recycles oxidized GSH and is itself a potent mitochondrial antioxidant), N-acetylcysteine\/NAC (which increases endogenous glutathione synthesis by providing cysteine, the limiting amino acid), Vitamin E, and CoQ10 (whose active forms are maintained by GSH). The combination with NAC is particularly synergistic since NAC increases endogenous GSH production while the glutathione supplement directly provides the active form.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Life Pro","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705358119259,"sku":null,"price":24.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/LifePro-HealthyGlutation60Vegancaps.png?v=1776592981"},{"product_id":"product_5f6c49ca-ecb1-4109-a23f-96d979e2b939","title":"Life Pro - CURCUMIN + BIOPERINE | 60 capsules","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLife Pro Nutrition Curcumin + Bioperine is a food supplement in vegetable capsules (VCAPS) that combines two high-quality patented raw materials: \u003cstrong\u003eCursol®\u003c\/strong\u003e (dry extract of turmeric\/Curcuma longa standardised in curcuminoids) and \u003cstrong\u003eBioPerine®\u003c\/strong\u003e (black pepper extract, Piper nigrum, standardised to 98.5% piperine). The daily dose of 2 capsules provides 500 mg of Cursol® (the clinically documented effective anti-inflammatory dose), with BioPerine® included specifically to increase the bioavailability of curcumin, which has naturally very low oral absorption without this enhancer. 60 capsules per pack (30 daily doses). Vegan. Manufactured in European laboratories under EU quality standards.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurcumin: the main polyphenol of turmeric with the broadest anti-inflammatory evidence base in the plant kingdom:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCurcumin (diferuloylmethane) is the main curcuminoid in the root of Curcuma longa (Indian saffron), responsible for the intense yellow colour of the spice and for the pharmacological properties that have made turmeric one of the most studied ingredients in traditional Ayurvedic medicine and, in the last three decades, in molecular pharmacology and clinical trials. Curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory activity through multiple complementary molecular mechanisms, which distinguishes it from conventional anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs, corticosteroids) that typically have a single mechanism of action: it inhibits the transcription factor NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), which is the central regulator of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (including COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6); it directly inhibits COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, the main enzymes producing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes; it activates the transcription factor Nrf2, which regulates the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, SOD, catalase); and it has free radical chelating properties and direct antioxidant activity. This multi-target approach makes curcumin especially relevant for contexts of chronic low-grade inflammation, which involves multiple inflammatory pathways simultaneously.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCursol®: patented raw material of maximum quality turmeric extract and guaranteed standardisation:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCursol® is the patented raw material of turmeric extract used in this product, which guarantees a minimum curcuminoid content per batch and verifiable analytical standardisation, unlike generic turmeric extracts without certification that often show significant variability in the actual concentration of curcuminoids between batches. The use of a recognised extract patent is a quality choice that ensures that the 500 mg declared in the daily dose corresponds to the actual concentration of active curcuminoids with the potency documented in clinical studies. Curcuminoids are a group of three main compounds in turmeric: curcumin (75 to 80% of the total), demethoxycurcumin (15 to 20%) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (3 to 5%), all with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, with curcumin being the most potent and the most studied.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioPerine®: patented piperine that solves the main problem of curcumin, extremely low oral bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe biggest obstacle to the clinical efficacy of orally administered curcumin is its extremely low systemic bioavailability: curcumin is poorly water-soluble, extensively metabolised by intestinal and hepatic phase II enzymes (glucuronidation and sulfation) before reaching systemic circulation, and is rapidly eliminated. Pharmacokinetic studies document that after oral ingestion of curcumin, plasma levels achieved are very low (often below 100 ng\/ml) even with doses of several grams. BioPerine® (piperine, the pungent alkaloid from black pepper, Piper nigrum, at 98.5% purity) solves this problem through a dual mechanism: it inhibits phase II enzymes of intestinal and hepatic metabolism (including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase) that normally conjugate and eliminate curcumin, reducing its pre-systemic metabolism rate; and it inhibits P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa that normally expels lipophilic compounds back into the intestinal lumen before they are absorbed. The seminal study by Shoba et al. (1998), published in Planta Medica, demonstrated that co-administration of 20 mg of piperine with 2000 mg of curcumin increased the plasma bioavailability of curcumin by 2000% (20 times) compared to curcumin taken alone, in healthy humans. This dramatic improvement in bioavailability transforms curcumin from a compound with limited oral efficacy into a supplement with clinically relevant plasma concentrations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical evidence: joint inflammation, metabolic syndrome, delayed onset muscle soreness and anxiety:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eThe curcumin + piperine combination has a growing body of clinical evidence in various conditions. In joint health, a randomised controlled trial published in Phytotherapy Research documented that 1000 mg\/day of curcumin with piperine for 8 weeks significantly reduced inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), joint pain (VAS) and improved joint function in patients with knee osteoarthritis compared to placebo. In metabolic syndrome, a meta-analysis of 8 studies documented significant reductions in CRP, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose with curcumin supplementation. In post-exercise muscle recovery, studies document that curcumin reduces delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and markers of muscle damage (CK, LDH) after intense eccentric exercise, being especially relevant for athletes and strength training practitioners. In the context of anxiety, preliminary studies document modulating effects on the HPA axis and on serotonin and dopamine levels via MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibition.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiver health: the role of curcumin in detoxification and hepatocyte protection:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCurcumin has documented hepatoprotective properties: it activates Nrf2 in hepatocytes, stimulating the production of antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, glutathione peroxidase) that protect liver cells from oxidative stress; it inhibits liver fibrosis by inhibiting activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC); and it reduces liver inflammation via NF-κB inhibition. These properties make curcumin relevant for contexts of general liver support as well as in conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), where inflammation and oxidative stress are central mechanisms.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Take 2 capsules daily, preferably with meals (breakfast and lunch) to maximise absorption. Taking it with meals containing some fat further enhances curcumin absorption, as it is a lipophilic compound whose absorption is facilitated by the presence of dietary fats (which stimulate biliary secretion and create lipid micelles).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Life Pro","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705358152027,"sku":null,"price":19.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/LifePro-TurmericCurcumin_Bioperine60Vegancaps.png?v=1776593264"},{"product_id":"product_2557dfbb-3886-4cb4-9da0-17b7561a8a0f","title":"Life Pro - RecoPro Cluster Dextrin With BCAAs And Electrolytes | 1kg","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eAbout the Product\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eLife Pro Nutrition's RecoPro Cluster Dextrin with BCAAs and Electrolytes is a post-workout recovery powder supplement that combines three categories of active ingredients in a formula designed to optimize muscle recovery, energy replenishment, and rehydration after intense physical exercise: \u003cstrong\u003eCluster Dextrin®\u003c\/strong\u003e (patented highly branched cyclodextrin, an ultra-fast absorbing carbohydrate with low osmotic impact), \u003cstrong\u003eBCAAs 2:1:1\u003c\/strong\u003e (L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine in a 2:1:1 ratio), and an \u003cstrong\u003eelectrolyte panel\u003c\/strong\u003e (sodium via sodium lactate and sodium chloride, potassium via potassium chloride, magnesium via magnesium chloride, calcium via calcium chloride). Dose: 30g (1 scoop) dissolved in 200 to 500ml of water. Can be consumed before, during, or after training. Vegan (BCAAs are from bacterial synthesis, non-animal origin). Tropical Fruit flavor. 1kg per package (~33 servings).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eBenefits\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCluster Dextrin® (HBCD): the most advanced generation of carbohydrates for sports performance and recovery:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eCluster Dextrin® (Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin, HBCD) is a highly branched cyclodextrin produced by the Japanese company Hayashibara from corn amylopectin, through an enzymatic cyclization process mediated by branching enzyme. This production technology results in a highly branched and cyclic molecular structure with unique physicochemical characteristics that distinguish it from all other carbohydrates available for sports supplementation. The very high molecular weight of Cluster Dextrin® results in a very low osmolarity in aqueous solution (much lower than maltodextrin, conventional sports drinks, and dextrose), which is key to two critical functional properties: extremely fast gastric emptying time (documented at 20 minutes, compared to 60 to 90 minutes for conventional sugary drinks) and the absence of gastrointestinal discomfort associated with ingesting concentrated carbohydrates during or after exercise. Unlike hyperosmolar beverages (with a high concentration of simple sugars), Cluster Dextrin® is isotonic in moderately concentrated solutions, minimizing the risk of gastric distension, nausea, and diarrhea that many athletes experience with other sources of high-concentration liquid carbohydrates.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltra-fast absorption with a smoothed glycemic curve: immediate energy without the glucose peak-and-crash:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eOne of the most relevant properties of Cluster Dextrin® is the combination of very rapid intestinal absorption (thanks to accelerated gastric emptying and high water solubility) with a smoother and more sustained glycemic impact than dextrose or maltodextrin. Pharmacokinetic studies with Cluster Dextrin® document that the blood glucose curve after ingestion is significantly flatter and more prolonged than the typical biphasic curve of monosaccharides and disaccharides (sharp glucose peak followed by a rapid drop), which translates into a more stable and sustained energy availability throughout the workout without the phenomenon of reactive hypoglycemia (the \"energy crash\" associated with consuming very fast-absorbing simple sugars). This profile is especially valuable in the intra-workout context (consumption during activity) and immediate post-workout, where the speed of replenishing glycogen stores is critical for recovery, but maintaining stable blood glucose levels is equally important for well-being and continued performance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBCAAs 2:1:1 (L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, and L-Valine): anti-catabolic protection and activation of protein synthesis:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eBranched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: Branched Chain Amino Acids) in a 2:1:1 ratio (2 parts L-Leucine to 1 part L-Isoleucine and 1 part L-Valine) complement the contribution of Cluster Dextrin® with a specific anti-catabolic and anabolic role for skeletal muscle. Unlike most amino acids, BCAAs are not catabolized in the liver after intestinal absorption, but directly in skeletal muscle, where they serve as a direct energy substrate (via transamination and subsequent oxidation in the Krebs cycle) and as precursors for the synthesis of new muscle proteins. L-Leucine is the BCAA with the greatest anabolic relevance: it is the main activator of the mTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) pathway in skeletal muscle, the intracellular signaling pathway that regulates muscle protein synthesis. The co-administration of fast-absorbing carbohydrates (which elevate insulin, the main anabolic hormone) with BCAAs (which activate mTOR) creates an anabolic synergy that maximizes muscle protein synthesis in the post-workout period. L-Isoleucine contributes to glucose absorption by the muscle (via GLUT-4 transporter translocation to the cell membrane, independent of insulin). L-Valine supports muscle energy metabolism and contributes to neurotransmitter synthesis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePanel of 4 electrolytes: complete replenishment of minerals lost through sweating:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eRecoPro includes a panel of 4 electrolytes in the most bioavailable forms for replenishment: \u003cstrong\u003eSodium\u003c\/strong\u003e (via sodium lactate + sodium chloride), the most abundant electrolyte in extracellular fluid and the most lost through sweating, essential for the osmotic gradient that regulates cellular hydration and body fluid balance; \u003cstrong\u003ePotassium\u003c\/strong\u003e (via potassium chloride), the main intracellular electrolyte, essential for the membrane potential of neurons and muscle fibers and for normal muscle contraction; \u003cstrong\u003eMagnesium\u003c\/strong\u003e (via magnesium chloride), a cofactor for over 300 metabolic enzymes, essential for ATP synthesis, muscle contraction, and neuromuscular transmission; \u003cstrong\u003eCalcium\u003c\/strong\u003e (via calcium chloride), the central second messenger of muscle contraction, essential for excitation-contraction coupling in muscle fibers. The loss of electrolytes through sweating (especially during long workouts, in hot environments, or in endurance athletes) causes hydro-electrolyte imbalances that manifest as muscle cramps, early fatigue, reduced muscle contraction strength, and impaired cognitive function. Immediate post-workout replenishment with a complete panel of electrolytes (and not just sodium, like most conventional sports drinks) is a nutritionally more complete recovery strategy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntra- and post-workout formulation: versatility for different use contexts:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003eRecoPro can be strategically used at multiple times. As an \u003cstrong\u003eintra-workout\u003c\/strong\u003e drink (consumed during activity), Cluster Dextrin® provides immediate and sustained energy without gastrointestinal discomfort, BCAAs protect muscles from catabolism induced by prolonged exercise, and electrolytes replenish what is lost through sweating in real-time. As a \u003cstrong\u003epre-workout\u003c\/strong\u003e (10 to 15 minutes before), the ultra-fast gastric emptying of Cluster Dextrin® ensures that energy is available before the activity begins. As a \u003cstrong\u003epost-workout\u003c\/strong\u003e (immediately after training), the combination of fast-absorbing carbohydrates + BCAAs + electrolytes creates the ideal nutritional condition for recovery: muscle glycogen resynthesis (via Cluster Dextrin®), activation of muscle protein synthesis (via L-Leucine\/mTOR), anti-catabolic protection (via BCAAs), and restoration of hydro-electrolyte balance (via electrolyte panel).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\"\u003eUses\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecommended dose:\u003c\/strong\u003e Dissolve 30g (1 scoop) in 200 to 500ml of water or a drink of your choice. Shake well until completely dissolved. Take 1 time per day, before, during, or after training, depending on the objective and intensity of the session. For long workouts (\u003e60 to 90 minutes), it can be consumed during training as a sports drink.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Life Pro","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52705358217563,"sku":null,"price":39.9,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1005\/0250\/3771\/files\/LifePro-RecoProClusterDextrinwithBCAA_sandElectrolytes.png?v=1777504417"}],"url":"https:\/\/brothers-club.com\/en\/collections\/vegan.oembed","provider":"Brother's Club","version":"1.0","type":"link"}